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Trauma > Lower Limb Injuries > Flashcards

Lower Limb Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

State 2 types of hip/groin injuries.

A

Acute injury. Osteitis pubis. Piriformis syndrome. Femoracetabular impringement. Tendinopathy. Athletic pubalgia.

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2
Q

What classification is used for a femoral neck fracture?

A

Garden classification.

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3
Q

What are the different aspects of the Garden Classification for a femoral neck fracture?

A

Type 1 - Stable (Valgus - outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone). Non-displaced. Complete: partially displaced. Complete: fully displaced.
Type 2 - Non-displaced
Type 3 - Complete: partially displaced
Type 4 - Complete: fully displaced

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4
Q

What are the different aspects of the Functional Classification?

A

Stable (I/II). Unstable (III/IV).

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5
Q

Give 2 examples of acute injuries.

A

Tendon strain. Stress fracture. Trochanteric pain syndrome. Labral tear.

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6
Q

Where do you find acute injuries for hips/groins?

A

In athletes and active adults.

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7
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

Fatigue induced fracture of the bone due to repeated stress.

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8
Q

What is trochanteric pain syndrome?

A

Trochanteric bursitis - inflammation in the muscles/tendons/fascia/bursae.

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9
Q

Define a labral tear.

A

Injury to the labrum - soft tissue that covers the acetabulum (socket) of the hip.

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10
Q

Define osteitis pubis.

A

Idiopathic, inflammatory disease of pubic symphysis.

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11
Q

Define piriformis syndrome.

A

When the piriformis muscle located in the buttock region spasms- buttock pain. Piriformis muscle can also irritate the sciatic nerve - pain, numbness, tingling along the back of leg and into foot.

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12
Q

Define femoracetabular impringement.

A

Extra bone grows along one/both of bones that form hip joint. Bone gets irregular shape and rubs against each other during movement.

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13
Q

Define tendinopathy.

A

Tendon disorder resulting in pain, swelling and impaired function.

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14
Q

Define athletic pubalagia.

A

Refers to sports hernia (painful soft tissue in groin area).

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15
Q

State the management of a femoral shaft fracture.

A

Start IV fluids. Send bloods. Analgesia.

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16
Q

State 3 knee injuries.

A

Knee soft tissue injury. Fractured patella. Patella dislocation. Segond fracture. Fracture of the tibial condyle.

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17
Q

State a sign of a knee soft tissue injury.

A

Wasting. Deformity. Swelling. Bruising.

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18
Q

State 1 thing to be ruled out with a knee soft tissue injury.

A

Quadriceps tear.

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19
Q

State a test used to rule out a quadriceps tear.

A

Use Movement - McMurray’s test/Drawer test/Lachaman’s test.

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20
Q

What knee rule is used to determine whether radiography should be used?

A

Ottawa’s knee rule.

21
Q

State 2 parts to Ottawa’s knee rule.

A

Aged 55 or older. Isolated tenderness to patella (not anywhere else). Tenderness at the head of the fibula. Inability to bear weight.

22
Q

Describe the anterior drawer test.

A

Physical examination used to test the stability of the knee’s anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - anterior force applied to the tibia.

23
Q

What is a positive anterior drawer test?

A

If the tibia has more movement/ligament more loose compared with the other knee.

24
Q

State the management of an undisplaced patella.

A

Bandage.

25
Q

State the management of a displaced patella.

A

Fixation required.

26
Q

State the management for a patella dislocation.

A

Analgesia - nitrous oxide. X-ray to exclude osteochondral fracture.

27
Q

Define a segond fracture.

A

Fracture on the lateral aspect of the proximal tibia, below the articular surface area.

28
Q

State associated injuries to the segond fracture.

A

Tear of the anterior cruciate ligament. Injury of the medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage which serve to disperse the friction in the knee). Avulsion (detachment of a bone fragment) fracture of the fibular head.

29
Q

State another name for a fracture of the tibial condyle.

A

Tibial plateau fracture.

30
Q

State 2 injuries related to the tibia (leg).

A

Fracture of the tibial shaft. Fracture of the fibula shaft. Pretibial lacerations. Compartment syndrome.

31
Q

State one place you would find a pretibial laceration?

A

Elderly. Poor blood supply.

32
Q

State one thing to exclude with a fracture to the fibula shaft.

A

Exclude common peroneal injury (if at neck). Exclude compartment syndrome.

33
Q

Define compartment syndrome.

A

When there is increased pressure with one of the body’s anatomical compartments - results in insufficient blood supply to tissue within space (therefore swelling/damage to muscles/nerves).

34
Q

State a symptom of compartment syndrome.

A

Paresthesia (pins/needles). Pallor (pale appearance). Paralysis. Pulselessness.

35
Q

State 2 things that can happen to ankles.

A

Ankle sprains (80% inversion). Ankle fractures. Tendoachilles tear. Fracture of calcis (heel bone).

36
Q

State a ligament affected in an ankle sprain.

A

Anterior talofibular ligament. Calcaneofibular ligament. Talofibular ligament.

37
Q

What classification is used for ankle fractures?

A

Weber’s classification.

38
Q

State the types of Weber’s classification.

A

1) Type A - fractured tip of lateral malleolus
2) Type B - undisplaced fracture of the lateral malleolus (high up)
3) Type C - undisplaced fracture of the lateral malleolus and undisplaced transverse fracture of the medial malleolus.

39
Q

State the test used to determine a tendoachilles tear.

A

Simmond’s test - normally when you squeeze the calf it should produce plantar flexion.

40
Q

State the angle measured to determine fracture of the calcis (heel bone).

A

Boehler’s angle (if less than 20 degrees then fracture likely).

41
Q

State the angle measured to determine fracture of the calcis (heel bone).

A

Boehler’s angle (if less than 20 degrees then fracture likely).

42
Q

State the angle measured to determine fracture of a .

A

Boeher’s angle.

43
Q

State the most commonest metatarsal to be fractured.

A

Base of the fifth metatarsal.

44
Q

State the two main types of metatarsals.

A

Jones fracture (involves 5th metatarsals) - occur at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction. Pseudo jones fracture (5th metatarsal base).

45
Q

Define the Jones fracture.

A

Occurs at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal 4th and 5th junction.

46
Q

State when a Jone’s fracture would be experienced.

A

Force applied when heel raised and foot plantar flexion.

47
Q

State where a Pseudo Jones fracture is experienced.

A

5th metatarsal base.

48
Q

State when a Pseudo Jone’s fracture would be experienced.

A

Inversion and plantar flexion. Involves proximal tubercle.

49
Q

Define a Lisfranc fracture.

A

A fracture where one of metatarsals is displaced.

Trauma (15 decks)

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