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MSK 2 > Lower Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of gluteus maximus:

A

Extension and lateral rotation of the thigh at the hip joint.

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2
Q

Tensor fasciae latae (IT band) function:

A

Stabilises knee joint in extension.

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3
Q

What is the function of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?

A

Abducts femur and medially rotates thigh.

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4
Q

What is the function of the deep group of muscles in the gluteal region?

A

Mainly lateral rotation

Abduction of femur

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5
Q

Function of psoas major:

A

Hip flexion (lifts leg up towards body)

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6
Q

What is the function of sartorius?

A

At hip: Flex, adduct and laterally rotate the hip.

At knee: Flex knee and medially rotate the lower leg.

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7
Q

Which muscles extend the knee?

A

Vastus medialis, lateralis and intermedius, and rectus femoris.

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8
Q

What muscle is the strongest hip flexor?

A

iliopsoas

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9
Q

Function of the semimembranosus, semitendinosis, and biceps femoris?

A

Extension of the hip joint

Flexion at the knee joint

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10
Q

Which is the most medial muscle of the posterior leg?

A

SemiMembranosus

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11
Q

Which posterior calf muscles cause flexion at the knee joint?

A

Gastrocnemius

Plantaris

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12
Q

Function of popliteus:

A

Laterally rotates the femur on the tibia.

  • unlocks the knee so it can be flexed.
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13
Q

Function of tibialis posterior:

A

Inversion and plantflexion of the foot.

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14
Q

Function of Flexor digitorum longus?

A

Flexes lateral 4 toes

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15
Q

Flexor hallicus longus function:

A

Flexes big toe

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16
Q

Calcaneal tendon aka

A

Achilles tendon

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of a calcaneal tendon rupture?

A

Typically there is an audible snap during a forceful plantarflexion combined with knee extension.

Followed by calf pain and sudden dorsiflexion of the foot.

Usually a 1cm gap can be felt.

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18
Q

Rupture of the achilles tendon in common in who?

A

People running of hilly surfaces.

In poorly conditioned people with a history of tendonitis.

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19
Q

Simmond’s test

A

The doctor might ask you to kneel on a chair or lie on your stomach with your feet hanging over the end of the exam table. He or she might then squeeze your calf muscle to see if your foot will automatically flex. If it doesn’t, you probably have ruptured your Achilles tendon.

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20
Q

Function of fibularis longus and fibularis brevis?

A

Both eversion of the foot.

Fibularis longus also plantarflexes.

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21
Q

Function of tibialis anterior?

A

Dorsiflexion and inversion of foot.

(same function as fibularis tertius)

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22
Q

Extensors of the toes are called…

A

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Note: Both muscles also dorsiflex the foot.

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23
Q

The femoral nerve comes from what roots and is motor to what muscles?

A

L2-L4

Motor to the anterior compartment of the leg and pectineus.

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24
Q

What nerve gives sensory sensation to the front of the thigh and knee?

A

Anterior cutaneous nerve

25
Q

Which nerve gives sensory innervation to the medial lower leg and medial foot?

A

Long cutaneous nerve

26
Q

Obturator nerve

Nerve roots?

Nerve function?

A

L2-L4

Supplies adductor muscles and sensory to medial thigh.

27
Q

Sciatic nerve

Roots?

Function?

A

L4-S3

Motor to hamstrings

28
Q

The sciatic nerve goes on to split into what two nerves?

A

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

29
Q

Tibial nerve function?

A

Supplies posterior lower leg and sole of the foot.

30
Q

Function of the common fibular nerve?

A

Common fibular motor supplies anterior and lateral compartments and continues into same for foot.

Anterior and lateral lower leg to foot.

31
Q

Damage to which nerve can present with foot drop?

A

Common fibular nerve aka peroneal nerve

32
Q

Foot drop can be a sign of what?

A

Damage to the peroneal aka common fibular nerve, (due to impact, joint replacement, compression, herniated disc to L5 nerve root).

Conditions such as MS, ALS, muscular dystrophy, stroke, CMT all can cause foot drop.

33
Q

CMT

A

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A group of inherited disorders that cause nerve damage. This damage is mostly in your arms and legs (peripheral nerves). Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is also called hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease results in smaller, weaker muscles. You may also experience loss of sensation and muscle contractions, and difficulty walking. Foot deformities such as hammertoes and high arches also are common. Symptoms usually begin in your feet and legs, but they may eventually affect your hands and arms.

34
Q

What compartment is affected in footdrop?

A

The lower leg anterior compartment as the patient cannot dorsiflex.

35
Q

How can someones gait be affected if they have a foot drop?

A

Waddling, swinging, high step, kick gait.

36
Q

Tibial nerve entrapment presents how?

A

Unable to flex toes and no plantar flexion

  • because the tibial nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg.
37
Q

Why is the peroneal aka common fibular nerve damaged more frequently than the tibial nerve?

A

Peroneal is very superfical on the lateral side of the fibular so commonly damaged by direct trauma.

Tibial nerve is well protected as it runs through the popliteal fossa.

38
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome affects which nerve?

A

Tibial nerve

39
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a rare disorder caused by damage to the tibial nerve or its branches, usually due to compression as it passes through the tarsal tunnel.

40
Q

Symptoms of tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

Tingling, burning or a sensation similar to an electrical shock.

Numbness.

Pain, including shooting pain.

41
Q

Function of menisci and collateral ligaments.

A

Menisci - cushion impact

Collateral ligaments - stabilise knee preventing anterior and posterior displacement.

42
Q

What is meant by the Q-angle?

A

Helps to establish an efficient gait.

43
Q

What effect does an increased Q angle have on the knee?

A

Increased lateral force on the patella.

44
Q

How do changes to the Q-angle affect walking gait?

A

Genu varum – decrease in q angle

Genu valgum – increase in q angle

Genu varum = bow legged.

Genu valgum = knock kneed.

45
Q

Q angle is 12–15° (males) and 15– 18° (females) this means women are more likely to have a patella dislocation in which direction?

A

Lateral patella dislocation

Genu valgum increases Q angle so more likely to have a patella displacement.

46
Q

How to remember genu varum vs genu valgum?

A

Genu varum is like holding a barrel of rum between the knees - varum = bow legged.

Valgum - gum has stuck the knees together.

47
Q

Q-angle changes (summary)

A

Q-angle is from:

ASIS to centre of patella

Tibial tuberosity to centre of patella

48
Q

Trendelenberg gait’s is caused by failure of which muscle?

A

Gluteus medius

49
Q

Trendelenberg Gait

A

Caused by muscular dystrophy, myopathy, muscle atrophy, congenital hip dysplasia, pelvic fracture - caused by anything that causes atrophy of the gluteus medius.

50
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

Plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the plantar fascia, a part of your foot that connects your heel bone to your toes.

51
Q

Symptoms of plantar fasciitis

A

Symptoms of plantar fasciitis include pain around the heel and arch of your foot. It may be worse in the morning.

Inflammation causes the pain.

Can lead to ossification - calcaneal spur.

52
Q

Management of plantar fasciitis:

A

You can usually help plantar fasciitis with things like rest, ice packs and comfortable shoes. A foot specialist can help if it does not get better.

You’re more likely to get plantar fasciitis from exercising on hard surfaces, wearing shoes with poor support or being very overweight.

53
Q

Hallux vagus aka

A

Bunion

54
Q

Hallux vagus summary

A
55
Q

Hammer toe summary:

A
56
Q

Summary of claw toe:

A
57
Q

Congenital club foot

A
58
Q

Sural nerve gives sensory innervation to where?

A

The sural nerve is purely sensory and it supplies sensation to the lower lateral leg, lateral heel, ankle and dorsal lateral foot.

MSK 2 (20 decks)

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