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Musculoskeletal > Lower Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 superficial veins of the lower limbs?

A

Small Saphenous Vein

Great Saphenous Vein

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2
Q

Which superficial vein of the leg drains into the popliteal vein?

A

Small saphenous vein

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3
Q

Which superficial vein drains into the femoral vein?

A

Great saphenous vein

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4
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Dilated superficial veins due to incompetent valves

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5
Q

What do all the deep veins of the lower limbs accompany?

A

Accompany all the major arteries in the limbs

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6
Q

Name the deep veins of the legs

A 
External iliac vein 
Femoral vein 
Popliteal vein 
Posterior tibial vein 
Anterior tibial vein
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7
Q

What are the 2 categories of lymphatic vessels in the lower limb?

A

Superficial and deep

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8
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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9
Q

Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal lymph nodes

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10
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket joint

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11
Q

Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint?

A

Because the ball of the hip is almost entirely surrounded by the socket of the pelvis

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12
Q

What are the 3 groups of lymph nodes draining the lower limbs?

A

Superficial inguinal
Deep inguinal
Popliteal lymph nodes

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13
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

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14
Q

Which dermatome covers the medial knee?

A

L3

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15
Q

Which dermatome covers the little toe?

A

S1

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16
Q

Which dermatome covers the sole of the food?

A

S1

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17
Q

Which dermatome covers the popliteal area of the back of the leg?

A

S2

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18
Q

Which dermatome covers the anterior upper thigh?

A

L2

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19
Q

What makes up the hip joint?

A

Femur head

Pelvic acetabulum

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20
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

Fibocartilagenus collar

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21
Q

What is the function of the acetabular labrum?

A

Deepen the acetabulum to stabilise the joint

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22
Q

What are the 3 main ligaments of the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament

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23
Q

Which hip ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

A

Iliofemoral ligament

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24
Q

Which hip ligament prevents hyperabduction of the hip joint?

A

Pubofemoral ligament

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25
Q

What are the movements at the hip joint?

A 
Flexion 
Extension 
Abduction
Adduction 
Lateral (external) rotation
Medial (internal) rotation
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26
Q

Name the 4 flexor muscles of the hip?

A

Psoas Major M.
Iliacus M.
Pectineus M.
Sartorius M.

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27
Q

Which 2 hip flexors arise from the inner pelvic and posterior abdominal walls?

A

Psoas major

Iliacus

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28
Q

What is the iliopsoas

A

Combined muscle of the psoas major and the iliacus
These muscles are separate in the abdomen
But conjoin in the thigh

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29
Q

What is the common insertion of the iliopsoas muscle

A

Lesser trochanter of the femur

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30
Q

Which muscles extend the hip joint?

A 
Gluteus maximus 
Semimembranosus 
Semitendinosus 
Biceps femoris 
Posterior part adductor magnus
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31
Q

Which muscle is the chief flexor of the hip?

A

Iliopsoas

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32
Q

Which muscle is the main extensor of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus

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33
Q

Where are the adductor muscles of the thigh located?

A

In the medial compartment of the thigh

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34
Q

Name the 5 hip adductor muscles (muscles that adduct the thigh at the hip joint)

A 
Adductor longus 
Adductor brevis 
Adductor magnus
Gracilis 
Obturator externus
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35
Q

Which nerve generally supplies the adductor compartment?

A

Obturator nerve

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36
Q

Where does the obturator nerve exit the pelvis?

A

Obturator canal which passes through the obturator foramen

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37
Q

What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve

A

L2-L4

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38
Q

What is the action of the adductor longus?

A

Adduction thigh at hip

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39
Q

What is the action of the Adductor magnus

A

Adduction thigh at hip

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40
Q

What is the action of the adductor brevis

A

Adduction thigh at hip

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41
Q

What is the action of the obturator externus muscle

A

Adduction thigh at hip

Lateral rotation hip

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42
Q

Are the abductors of the hip located in the lateral compartment of the thigh?

A

No there is no such thing as the lateral or abductor compartment of the thigh like there is for the adductors

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43
Q

Name the hip abductors

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
Piriformis

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44
Q

What is the attachment of the deep gluteal muscles?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur

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45
Q

Where do lateral (external) rotators of the hip cross the joint?

A

On the posterior surface of the joint

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46
Q

Where do the median (internal) rotator of the hip cross the joint?

A

Anterior surface of the joint

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47
Q

Name the 6 lateral (external) rotators of the hip

A 
Piriformis
Obturator internus 
Obturator externus
Gemelli (superior and inferior)
Quadratus femoris
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48
Q

What is the action of the piriformis muscle?

A

External/lateral rotator of the hip

Abduction of hip

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49
Q

What is the action of the obturator internus muscle

A

External/lateral rotation of the hip

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50
Q

What is the action of the superior and inferior gemelli muscles?

A

Lateral rotation of the thigh/hip

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51
Q

What is the action of the obturator externus muscle

A

Lateral/external rotation of thigh at the hip

Adduction at the hip

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52
Q

Name the 3 medial (internal) rotators of the hip

A

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

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53
Q

What is the action of the gluteus maximus

A

Extension thigh at hip joint

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54
Q

Action of the gluteus medius

A

Abduction
and
Medial rotation of hip

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55
Q

Action of the gluteus minimus

A

Abduction and medial rotation at hip

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56
Q

Action of the tensor fascia latae

A

Abduction and medial (external) rotation at hip

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57
Q

Which muscles also contribute to medial rotation of the thigh WHEN THE KNEE IS FLEXED!

A

Hamstring muscles
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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58
Q

What 3 compartments are the muscles of the anterior thigh organised into?

A

Anterior/quadriceps/extensors of the knee
Medial/adductors (hip)
Posterior/hamstrings/flexors of the knee

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59
Q

How many heads does the quadriceps femoris have?

A

4 heads

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60
Q

Which compartment of the leg is the quadriceps femoris the main bulk of?

A

Anterior thigh region

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61
Q

What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris

A

Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus Medialis
Rectus femoris

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62
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Femoral nerve

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63
Q

What is special about the rectus femoris head of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Only muscle to cross both the hip and the knee joint

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64
Q

What is the action of the rectus femoris?

A

Extends the hip

Flexes the knee

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65
Q

What do the 4 parts of the quadriceps unite to form?

A

Quadriceps tendon

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66
Q

To which part of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach?

A

Tibial tuberosity

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67
Q

What does the quadriceps tendon continue as distal to the patella?

A

Patellar ligament

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68
Q

What is the action of the vastus medialis, lateralis and intermedius

A

Extension of the knee

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69
Q

On which joint does the sartorius muscle act on?

A

Hip and Knee

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70
Q

Which is the long ribbon like muscle of the leg

A

Sartorius

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71
Q

What are the 3 actions of the sartorius on the hip joint

A

Flexion
Abduction
Lateral rotation

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72
Q

What is the action of the Sartorius on the knee

A

Flexion

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73
Q

On which surface does the sartorius muscle cross the hip

A

Anterior

As it flexes

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74
Q

On which surface does the sartorius muscle cross the knee joint

A

Posterior

As it extends

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75
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles?

A

Obturator nerve

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76
Q

Through which bony foramen does the nerve that innervates the medial thigh muscles enter the thigh?

A

Obturator foramen

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77
Q

What is adductor hiatus a passageway between

A

The adductor magnus and the femur

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78
Q

Which structures pass through the adductor hiatus?

A

Femoral artery

Femoral vein

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79
Q

Femoral artery is a continuation of which artery?

A

External iliac artery

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80
Q

When does the external iliac artery become the femoral artery

A

As it passes under the inguinal ligament

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81
Q

What surface features can be used to locate the femoral artery

A

Pubic symphysis

Anterior superior iliac spine

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82
Q

Name the large branch of the femoral artery which passes posterior towards the hamstrings

A

Popliteal artery

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83
Q

The femoral vein is the continuation of which vein?

A

Popliteal vein

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84
Q

The femoral vein crosses under the inguinal ligament to continue as which larger vein?

A

External iliac vein

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85
Q

Which 2 important veins drain into the femoral triangle?

A

Profunda femoris vein

Great saphenous

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86
Q

What is cannulation of the femoral vein used for in practice?

A

Right cardiac angiography

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87
Q

Which nerve is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus

A

Femoral nerve

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88
Q

How does the femoral nerve pass to the inguinal ligament?

A

Deep

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89
Q

Name the structures of the femoral triangle lateral to medial

A

Nerve
Artery
Vein

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90
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the femoral nerve

A

Pectineus
Iliacus
Sartorius
Quadriceps Femoris

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91
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

Triangular depression below the inguinal ligament

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92
Q

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle

A

Medial border border of adductor longus

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93
Q

What is the lateral borders of the femoral triangle

A

Medial border of Sartorius muscle

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94
Q

Which structure forms the base/roof of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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95
Q

What are the 3 major contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein

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96
Q

What is the femoral sheath

A

Funnel shaped fascial tube

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97
Q

What are the contents of the femoral canal

A

Lymphatic vessels

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98
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the femoral sheath?

A

Lateral
Intermediate
Medial

99
Q

What is the content of the lateral femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery

100
Q

What is the content of the intermediate femoral sheath?

A

Femoral vein

101
Q

What is the content of the medial femoral sheath?

A

Femoral canal

102
Q

What are the contents of the Adductor Canal

A

Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve)
Nerve to vastus medialis (branch of femoral nerve)

103
Q

What does the adductor canal allow the femoralartery to beomce?

A

Allows the anterior femoral artery to become the posterior popliteal artery

104
Q

Which nerve roots contribute to the formation of the lumbar plexus?

A

Ventral rami of L1-L4

105
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the lumbar plexus?

A

Obturator nerve

Femoral nerve

106
Q

Which compartment of the thigh does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

Adductor (hip)/medial compartment

107
Q

Which compartment of the thigh does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Anterior/quadriceps

108
Q

What is the root value of the obturator nerve?

109
Q

What are the root values of the femoral nerve?

110
Q

What are the 6 major peripheral nerves originating from the lumbar plexus

A 
Iliohypogastric 
Ilioinguinal 
Genitofemoral 
Lateral cutaneous nerve
Obturator 
Femoral
111
Q

How is the pelvic girdle joined anteriorly

A

Pubic symphysis

112
Q

How is the pelvic girdle joined posteriorly

A

Sacroiliac joints

113
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the pelvis

A

Greater sciatic foramen

114
Q

Which sciatic foramen is the route for structures entering or leaving the perineum

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

115
Q

Which 2 ligaments create the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament

Sacrospinous ligament

116
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament connect?

A

Sacrum

Ischial tuberosity

117
Q

What does the sacrospinous ligament connect?

A

Sacrum

Ischial spine

118
Q

Name the 4 superficial gluteal muscles

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae

119
Q

Name the 4 deep gluteal muscles

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris

120
Q

Action of gluteus maximus muscle

A

Main extensor thigh at hip

External/lateral rotation

121
Q

Action of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

A

Abductors and medial/internal rotators of the hip

122
Q

What is the insertion of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

A

Greater trochanter

123
Q

What is the innervation of the gluteus maximus

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

124
Q

What is the innervation of the gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae

A

Superior gluteal nerve

125
Q

Which 2 muscles attach to the iliotibial tract

A

Tensor fascia latae

Gluteus maximus

126
Q

What is the action of the deep gluteal muscles on the hip joint

A

Stabilisers of hip joint

Lateral rotators of hip

127
Q

Anterior to which posterior pelvic muscle is the sacral plexus found

A

Anterior to Piriformis muscle

128
Q

What are the root values of the sacral plexus

A

Ventral rami L4,L5 and S1-S4

129
Q

What nerves are the 2 main branches of the sacral plexus

A

Pudendal nerve

Sciatic nerve

130
Q

What is the root value of the superior gluteal nerve

131
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve

A

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fascia latae

132
Q

What are the roots values of the inferior gluteal nerve

133
Q

Which muscle in the gluteal region does the inferior gluteal nerve supply

A

Gluteus maximus

134
Q

What are the branches of the sacral plexus

A 
Superior gluteal n 
Inferior gluteal n 
Sciatic n
Posterior femoral cutaneous n
Pudendal nerve
135
Q

Which is the largest nerve in the body

A

Sciatic nerve

136
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve

A

L4, L5

S1-S3

137
Q

Inferior to which muscle does the sciatic nerve emerge in the gluteal region

A

Piriformis muscle

138
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches of the sciatic nerve

A

Tibial nerve

Common fibular nerve

139
Q

What are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve

140
Q

What does the pudendal nerve innervate?

A

Skeletal muscle in perineum

141
Q

Does the sciatic nerve innervate any muscles in the gluteal region?

142
Q

Which muscles does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
Hamstring portion of adductor magnus

143
Q

How many heads does the biceps femoris have?

144
Q

Which is the most lateral muscle of the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris

145
Q

What is the action of the hamstrings on the hip joint?

A

Extension of thigh at hip joint

146
Q

What is the action of the hamstrings on the knee joint

A

Flexion of the knee

147
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior thigh muscles

A

Sciatic nerve

148
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge type joint

149
Q

What are the 2 main movements occurring at the knee joint

A

Flexion

Extension

150
Q

Which leg bone is not involved in the knee joint

151
Q

Where does the fibular/lateral ligament extend from and to?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the femur
To
Lateral condyle of the fibula

152
Q

The tibial/medial extends from where to?

A

Medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia and the medial meniscus

153
Q

What is the medial collateral ligament firmly attached to at its midpoint?

A

Medial meniscus

154
Q

What are the 2 cruciate ligaments of the knee?

A

Anterior

Posterior

155
Q

What is the function of anterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia into the femur

Prevents the tibia from moving forwards

156
Q

How do the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments lie in relation to each other

A

Cross each other obliquely to form an X

157
Q

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia into the femur

Prevents the tibia from moving backwards

158
Q

Which has a relatively poor blood supply anterior or posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

159
Q

What is the clinical significance of the poor blood supply of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prone to injury

Poor healing process

160
Q

What are the menisci?

A

C shapes plates of cartilage

161
Q

Where are the menisci located?

A

Articular surface of the tibia

162
Q

Name the 2 meniscii of the knee

A

Medial meniscus

Lateral meniscus

163
Q

What are the main function of the knee menisci

A

Deepen articular surfaces on the tibia thus increasing joint stability
Shock absorbers

164
Q

Which knee meniscus is firmly adhered to the medial collateral ligament?

A

Medial meniscus

165
Q

What are the 2 main movements of the knee joint?

A

Flexion

Extension

166
Q

When can lateral and medial rotation of the knee occur?

A

When the knee is flexed

ONLY!!

167
Q

Which muscles cause extension of the knee?

A

Quadriceps femoris!!

168
Q

Which muscles cause flexion of the knee

A

Hamstrings (semitendinosis, semimembranosis, biceps femoris)

Gracilis
Sartorius
Popliteus

169
Q

What is the function of the popliteus

A

Unlocking of the knee

To allow flexion

170
Q

What are bursae?

A

Synovial fluid filled sacs surrounding a joint

171
Q

Name the bursae of the knee

A 
Suprapatellar 
Superficial Infrapatellar 
Deep infrapatellar 
Pre-patellar 
Semimembranosus
172
Q

Where is the suprapatellar bursae located?

A

Superior to the patellar

173
Q

Where is the semimembranosus bursae located?

A

Posterior to the knee joint

174
Q

Where is the superficial infrapatellar bursae located

A

Inferior to patellar

Subcutaneously

175
Q

Where is the deep infrapatellar bursae located?

A

Inferior to patellar

Deep

176
Q

Where is the pre-patellar bursae located?

A

Anterior to the patellar

177
Q

What type of bone is the patellar bone

A

Sesamoid bone

178
Q

What are the 3 compartment of lower leg muscles

A

Anterior
Posterior
Lateral

179
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the anterior leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor Hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

180
Q

What is the main action of the tibialis anterior muscle

A

Dorsiflexion ankle

181
Q

What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus

A

Dorsiflexion ankle

Extension toes

182
Q

What is the action of the extensor hallucis longus

A

Dorsiflexion ankle

Extension big toe

183
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial nerve

Common Fibular nerve

184
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior lower leg muscles

A

Deep fibular nerve

Branch of common fibular nerve

185
Q

What is the deep fibular nerve a branch of?

A

Common fibular nerve

186
Q

Innervation of tibialis anterior muscle

A

Deep fibular nerve

187
Q

Innervation of Digitorum digitorum longus

A

Deep fibular nerve

188
Q

Innervation of extensor hallucis longus

A

Deep fibular n.

189
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A

Fibularis longus m.

Fibularis brevis m.

190
Q

What is the action of the lateral muscles of the lower limb

A

Eversion of foot

191
Q

Action of fibularis longus m

A

Eversion foot

192
Q

Action of fibularis brevis m.

A

Eversion foot

193
Q

Which nerve innervates the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

A

Superficial fibular nerve

194
Q

Which artery can be palpated on the dorsum of the foot

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

195
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

196
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the ankle joint?

A

Distal end of tibia and fibular

Superior talus

197
Q

When is the malleolar grip stronged?

A

Dorsiflexion movement

198
Q

When is the malleolar grip weakest/ankle joint unstable?

A

Plantarflexion

199
Q

What are the 2 ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Medial

Lateral

200
Q

Which ligament of the ankle joint is named the deltoid ligament?

A

Medial Ligament

201
Q

Which muscles cause dorsiflexion of the foot

A

Anterior lower leg muscles

202
Q

Which muscles cause plantar flexion of the foot?

A

Posterior lower leg muscles

203
Q

What type of joint is the superior/proximal tibio-fibular joint?

A

Synovial plane

204
Q

What type of joint is the distal/inferior tibio-fibular joint?

A

Fibrous joint

205
Q

Which muscle forms the upper medial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus muscle

206
Q

Which muscle forms the upper lateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

207
Q

Which muscle forms the inferior boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

Inferolateral - medial head gastrocnemius

Inferomedial - lateral head gastrocnemius

208
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A 
Fat
Popliteal artery 
Popliteal vein 
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
209
Q

Which artery is the popliteal artery a continuation of?

A

Femoral artery

210
Q

Which vein drains into the popliteal vein at the popliteal fossa?

A

Small saphenous vein

211
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior lower leg split divided into

A

Superficial

Deep

212
Q

What is the action of the gastrocnemius

A

Plantarflexion ankle

Flexion knee

213
Q

What are the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius

A

Lateral head

Medial head

214
Q

Which nerve innervates the gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve

215
Q

What is the action of the plantaris m

A

Plantar flexion ankle

Flexion knee

216
Q

Which nerve innervates the plantaris muscle

A

Tibial nerve

217
Q

Is the soleus muscle deep or superficial to the gastrocnemius muscle

218
Q

Name the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior leg

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

219
Q

What is the innervation of the soleus muscle

A

Tibial nerve

220
Q

Which nerve innervates all posterior compartment lower leg muscles

A

Tibial nerve

221
Q

Which muscles converge to form the calcaneal/achilles tendon?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

222
Q

Name the 4 deep lower leg posterior muscles

A

Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus

223
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus

A

Plantar surface lateral 4 toes

224
Q

What is the insertion of the flexor hallucis longus

A

Plantar surface 1st/big toe

225
Q

What is the action of the flexor hallucis longus

A

Flexes big toe

226
Q

What is the action of the flexor digitorum longus

A

Flexes 4 lateral toes

227
Q

What is the action of the tibialis posterior

A

Plantarflexion ankle

Inversion

228
Q

What is the action of the popliteus muscle

A

Laterally rotates femur on tibia

Unlocking knee so flexion can occur

229
Q

What is the innervation of the popliteus

A

Tibial nerve

230
Q

Innervation flexor digitorum longus

A

Tibial nerve

231
Q

Innervation flexor hallucis longus

A

Tibial nerve

232
Q

Innervation Tibialis posterior

A

Tibial nerve

233
Q

Name the tarsal bones

A 
Calcaneus 
Talus
Navicular 
Cuboid 
Cuneiforms (x3)
234
Q

What is the name of the deep fascia located on the sole of the foot

A

Plantar aponeurosis

235
Q

At which joint do eversion and inversion of the foot occur?

A

Subtalar joint

236
Q

Which 2 bones form the subtalar joint

A

Talus

Calcaneus

237
Q

How many layers are there to the feet muscles

238
Q

Which are the 2 main nerves of the foot

A

Lateral and Medial Plantar Nerve

239
Q

Name the 3 muscles of the first layer of the foot

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis

240
Q

What are the 2 terminal branches of the tibial nerve

A

Medial Plantar n.

Lateral Plantar n.

241
Q

Which are the terminal 2 branches of the posterior tibial artery which supply the foot

A

Medial Plantar Artery

Lateral Plantar Artery

242
Q

What is the action of the plantar interossei

A

Adduction toes

243
Q

What are the action of the dorsal interossei

A

Abduction toes

244
Q

Name the 2 muscles of the second layer of the foot

A

Quadratus Plantae

Lumbricals

Musculoskeletal (13 decks)

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