Lower limb 1

Question 1

2 superficial veins of lower limb

Answer 1

great and small saphenous

Question 2

Which superficial vein ascends anterior to medial malleolus?

Answer 2

great saphenous

Question 3

Which vein ascends posterior to lateral malleolus?

Answer 3

small saphenous

Question 4

Which veins do small and great saphenous empty into?

Answer 4

great = femoral
small = popliteal

Question 5

Varicose veins (which vein more common?)

Answer 5

dilated superficial veins due to incompetent valves

great saphenous

Question 6

Important LN arrangements

Answer 6

superficial and deep inguinal

popliteal

Question 7

Hip joint type

Answer 7

synovial ball and socket

Question 8

Why is hip joint more stable than shoulder joint?

Answer 8

deep socket, stability and weight bearing

Question 9

What is the acetabular labrum?

Answer 9

fibrocartilaginous ring surrounding hip joint which increases its depth

Question 10

Function of acetabular labrum

Answer 10

allow head of femur to articulate with pelvis

Question 11

3 main ligaments of hip joint

Answer 11

iliofemoral
pubofemoral
ischiofemoral

Question 12

Iliofemoral ligament prevents what?

Answer 12

hyperextension of hip joint

Question 13

pubofemoral ligament prevents what?

Answer 13

hyperabduction of hip joint

Question 14

Movements permitted at hip joint

Answer 14

flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
circumduction
medial and lateral rotation

Question 15

Chief flexor of thigh

Answer 15

iliopsoas

Question 16

Flexors of the thigh

Answer 16

iliopsoas
pectineus
sartorius
quadriceps femoris

Question 17

Extensors of hip joint

Answer 17

gluteus maximus 
biceps femoris 
semitendinosis 
semimembranosus 
adductor magnus

Question 18

Main extensor of hip joint

Answer 18

gluteus maximus

Question 19

When is gluteus maximus strong and when is it relatively inactive?

Answer 19

sitting and climbing stairs

inactive when walking

Question 20

What compartment of the thigh is responsible for adduction?

Answer 20

medial

Question 21

adductor muscles

Answer 21

adductor magnus
adductor longus 
adductor brevis
gracilis 
obturator externus 
pectineus

Question 22

Innervation of adductor compartment

Answer 22

obturator

Question 23

How obturator nerve exits the pelvis?

Answer 23

via obturator canal which passes through obturator foramen

Question 24

What muscles abduct the hip?

Answer 24

gluteus medius and minimus
piriformis 
gemelli
obturator internus 
TFL
quadratus femoris

Question 25

What prevents the pelvis dropping when 1 leg is raised?

Answer 25

abductors on the opposite side

Question 26

medial rotators of hip joint

Answer 26

gluteus minimus and medius | TFL

Question 27

4 heads of quariceps femoris?

Answer 27

vastus medialis vastus lateralis vastus intermedialis rectus femoris

Question 28

Which nerve innervates quadriceps?

Answer 28

femoral nerve (l2-4)

Question 29

Action of rectus femoris on hip

Answer 29

stabilisation to help iliopsoas flex

Question 30

What forms quadriceps tendon and what does this continue as?

Answer 30

4 parts of quadriceps unite proximal to patella | patellar ligament distal to patella as it attaches on tibia

Question 31

Quadriceps action on knee

Answer 31

extension

Question 32

3 actions of sartorius on hip

Answer 32

flexion lateral rotation abduction

Question 33

sartorius action on knee

Answer 33

flexion

Question 34

What movement shows action of sartorius muscle?

Answer 34

place heel on opposite patella

Question 35

Why does sartorius both flex hip and knee joint?

Answer 35

spirals around thigh from lateral to medial crossing hip anteriorly and knee posteriorly

Question 36

5 medial thigh muscles

Answer 36

``` adductor magnus adductor longus adductor brevis gracilis obturator externus ```

Question 37

innervation of medial thigh muscles

Answer 37

obturator nerve (l2-4)

Question 38

Structures passing through adductor hiatus

Answer 38

femoral artery and vein

Question 39

Femoral artery is a continuation of which artery?

Answer 39

external iliac artery

Question 40

Where does external iliac artery --> femoral artery?

Answer 40

middle of inguinal ligament

Question 41

Femoral artery enters thigh midway between which 2 bony structures?

Answer 41

ASIS and pubic symphysis

Question 42

Branch of femoral artery passing posteriorly towards hamstrings?

Answer 42

profundal femoris

Question 43

Femoral vein is a continuation of which vein?

Answer 43

popliteal

Question 44

Femoral vein passes under inguinal ligament to become..

Answer 44

external iliac vein

Question 45

2 important veins draining into femoral triangle

Answer 45

profundal femoris vein | great saphenous vein

Question 46

Cannulation of femoral vein is used for what?

Answer 46

cardiac angiography

Question 47

Largest branch of lumbar plexus

Answer 47

femoral nerve

Question 48

Femoral triangle

Answer 48

triangular depression below inguinal ligament

Question 49

medial border of femoral triangle

Answer 49

adductor longus

Question 50

Lateral border of femoral triangle

Answer 50

sartorius

Question 51

base of femoral triangle

Answer 51

inguinal ligament

Question 52

3 main contents of femoral triangle

Answer 52

femoral artery femoral vein femoral nerve

Question 53

Femoral sheath

Answer 53

funnel shaped fascial tube which surrounds proximal part of femoral vessels - NOT nerve creates femoral canal medial to them which contains lymphatics

Question 54

Femoral hernia

Answer 54

femoral ring is weak - females

Question 55

mnemonic for femoral canal contents

Answer 55

NAVEL

Question 56

What is the adductor canal?

Answer 56

femoral triangle structures leave distally an burrow beneath muscles to create canal

Question 57

How does canal reach popliteal fossa?

Answer 57

passes through adductor hiatus within tendon of adductor magnus and emerges posterior to knee

Question 58

Adductor canal serves a role in which name change?

Answer 58

anterior femoral artery --> posterior popliteal artery

Question 59

When does anterior femoral artery --> posterior popliteal artery name change occur?

Answer 59

adductor hiatus

Question 60

Adductor canal contents

Answer 60

femoral vein and artery saphenous nerve nerve to vastus medialis

Question 61

Why is it called Hunter's canal?

Answer 61

John Hunter | ligate femoral artery in adductor canal to treat popliteal artery aneurysms

Question 62

Where does lumbar plexus nerves emerge?

Answer 62

through psoas major on posterior abdominal wall

Question 63

2 major nerves of lumbar plexus

Answer 63

femoral and obturator

Question 64

Lumbar plexus roots

Answer 64

T12-L4