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Yr 3 MSK > Lower limb 1+2 anatomy > Flashcards

Lower limb 1+2 anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 bones make up the hip bone?

A
  • Ilium bone
  • Pubis
  • Ischium
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2
Q

What are the two superficial veins of the lower limb?

A
  • Great saphenous vein

- Small saphenous vein

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3
Q

What superficial vein ascends posterior to lateral malleolus?

A

Small saphenous vein

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4
Q

What superficial vein empties into femoral vein?

A

Great saphenous vein

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5
Q

What superficial vein empties into popliteal vein?

A

Small saphenous vein

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6
Q

What superficial vein is varicose veins (dilated) more common in?

A

Great saphenous vein

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7
Q

Venous stasis is important in thrombus formation (DVT). What is it caused by?

A
  • Muscular inactivity (long flight)

- External vein pressure (compression)

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8
Q

What are the three main lymph node groups of lower limb?

A
  • Superficial inguinal
  • Deep inguinal
  • Popliteal
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9
Q

What lymph node group does the lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Superficial inguinal

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10
Q

What lymph node group does the lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal

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11
Q

What are the dermatomes of the lower limbs?

A

L1-S5

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12
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket joint

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13
Q

What is the acetabular labrum?

A

Ring of cartilage surrounding acetabulum. Covers outer rim of cavity

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14
Q

What is the function of acetabular labrum?

A

Deepen joint/increase articulating surface of hip joint

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15
Q

What are the three ligaments of the hip joint?

A
  • Iliofemoral
  • Pubofemoral
  • Ischiofemoral
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16
Q

What excessive movement does iliofemoral ligament prevent?

A

Hyperextension

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17
Q

What excessive movement does pubofemoral ligament prevent?

A

Hyperabduction

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18
Q

What does ischiofemoral ligament help with?

A

Stabilises hip in extension. Weakest of three ligaments

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19
Q

What movements occur at hip joint?

A

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, lateral/medial rotation, circumduction

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20
Q

What are the three hip flexors? What is the chief flexor of thigh?

A
  • Iliacus
  • Psoas major
  • Pectineus

Iliopsoas is chief thigh flexor

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21
Q

What is the action of the pectineus?

A

Adducts and flexes hip

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22
Q

What is the action of sartorius?

A

Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates hip. Flexes knee

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23
Q

Action of iliopsoas?

A

Flexion of hip

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24
Q

What are the extensors of hip joint?

A
  • Biceps femoris (long and short head)
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
  • Gluteus maximus
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25
Q

Chief extensor of hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

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26
Q

What adductor muscle also helps in extension of hip?

A

Adductor magnus

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27
Q

What are the adductor muscles?

A
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracillis
  • Obturator externus
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28
Q

What nerve generally innervates adductor muscles?

A

Obturator nerve

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29
Q

What are the abductor muscles?

A
  • Gluteus medius/minimus
  • Piriformis
  • Superior/inferior gemellus
  • Obturator internus
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30
Q

As there is no exclusive abductor compartment, how do these muscles carry out their role?

A

Via their attachment to greater trochanter

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31
Q

How do abductor muscles help in walking gait?

A

Contract on opposite side of pelvis when limb on other side is raised to prevent dropping. This positive clinical sign is called trendelenburg gait, and can be due to damage to the nerve(s) supplying abductor muscles (eg in hip replacement surgery)

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32
Q

Lateral rotators of the hip cross the hip joint on the posterior side. What are these muscles?

A
  • Quadratus femoris
  • Superior/inferior gemelli
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator internus
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33
Q

What foramen do the piriformis and obturator internus travel through?

A
  • Piriformis: Greater sciatic foramen

- Obturator internus: Lesser sciatic foramen

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34
Q

Medial rotators of the hip travel across the anterior surface of the hip joint. What muscles are the medial rotators of the hip joint?

A
  • Gluteus medius and minimus

- Tensor fasciae latae

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35
Q

What 4 muscles form the quadriceps femoris (main part of anterior thigh region)

A
  • Rectus femoris
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus intermedialis (found deep to rectus femoris)
  • Vastus medialis
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36
Q

What nerve innervates quadriceps femoris?

A

Femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)

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37
Q

What is the main action of the quadriceps femoris on

a: hip
b: knee

A

a: Flexion (rectus femoris does this)
b: Extension (all)

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38
Q

The quadriceps femoris unites to form what tendon/ligament:

a: proximal
b: distal

to the patella?

A

a: Quadriceps tendon
b: Patellar ligament

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39
Q

What is the action of sartorius muscle on

a: hip
b: knee

A

a: Flexes, abducts, lateral rotation
b: Flexion

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40
Q

Innervation of sartorius?

A

Femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)

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41
Q

What are the medial thigh (adductor group) muscles?

A
  • Pectineus
  • Adductor longus
  • Adductor brevis
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracilis
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42
Q

What nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles?

A

Obturator nerve. Enters through obturator foramen

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43
Q

What is the action of gracilis on knee joint?

A

Flexion, medial rotation

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44
Q

What goes through the adductor hiatus?

A
  • Superficial femoral artery

- Femoral vein

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45
Q

What artery is the femoral artery a continuation of?

A

External iliac artery

46
Q

When does the external iliac artery become femoral artery?

A

When crossing under inguinal ligament

47
Q

The femoral artery enters the thigh between which two bony landmarks?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

48
Q

What branch of the femoral artery travels posteriorly towards the hamstrings?

A

Profunda femoris artery

49
Q

what is the femoral vein a continuation of?

A

Popliteal vein

50
Q

When the femoral vein crosses under inguinal ligament, what vein does it continue as?

A

External iliac vein

51
Q

What two veins drain into femoral triangle?

A

Profunda femoris vein and great saphenous vein

52
Q

Does the femoral nerve enter the femoral triangle medial or lateral to the femoral vessels?

A

Lateral

53
Q

Name muscles supplied by the femoral nerve

A
  • Vastus muscles
  • Rectus femoris
  • Pectineus
  • Iliacus
  • Sartorius
54
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

Triangular depression below inguinal ligament

55
Q

What is the medial and lateral boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

Medial: Adductor longus
Lateral: Sartorius

56
Q

Base of femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

57
Q

What is the femoral sheath?

A

Funnel shaped fascia surrounding proximal part of femoral vessels and forming femoral canal for lymphatic vessels

58
Q

What does the lateral, intermediate, and medial compartments of the femoral sheath cover?

A

Lateral: femoral artery
Intermediate: femoral vein
Medial: femoral canal

59
Q

As well as fat and loose conn. tissue, what is in femoral canal?

A

Deep inguinal lymph nodes

60
Q

Where in femoral region do hernias commonly occur?

A

Femoral ring in ant. abdominal wall

61
Q

Are femoral hernias more common in males or females?

A

Females

62
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

A
  • Superficial femoral artery
  • Femoral vein
  • Femoral nerve branches
63
Q

What are the two main nerves of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral and obturator nerve

64
Q

What nerve roots contribute to the formation of lumbar plexus?

A

T12-L4

65
Q

What regions of the thigh do femoral and obturator nerve innervate?

A

Femoral: anterior
Obturator: medial

66
Q

What is the root value of obturator and femoral nerve?

A

L2-4

67
Q

How is the pelvic girdle joined anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

Anteriorly: pubic symphysis
Posteriorly: sacroiliac joints

68
Q

What enters/leaves the

  • greater sciatic foramen
  • lesser sciatic foramen
A

Greater sciatic foramen: Structures entering/leaving pelvis

Lesser sciatic foramen: Structures entering/leaving perineum

69
Q

What 4 muscles make up the superficial layer in the gluteal region?

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Tensor fasciae latae
70
Q

What 4 muscles make up the deep layer in the gluteal region?

A
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator internus
  • Superior/inferior gemelli
  • Quadratus femoris
71
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

Fascia lata

72
Q

Which part of the fascia lata is the iliotibial tract?

A

Lateral part

73
Q

What two muscles attach to the iliotibial tract?

A

Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae

74
Q

What are the actions of gluteus maximus?

A

Lateral rotation and extension of hip joint

75
Q

What nerve innervates gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1-2)

76
Q

What are the actions of gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fasciae latae?

A

Abduction and internal rotation of hip joint

77
Q

What nerve innervates gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fasciae latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4-5, S1)

78
Q

What is the action of the deep gluteal muscles on hip joint?

A

Hip joint stabilising, lateral rotation

79
Q

Anterior to which posterior pelvic muscle is the roots of sacral plexus found?

A

Piriformis

80
Q

What ventral root values form sacral plexus?

A

L4-5, S1-4

81
Q

What nerves are two main branches of sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic nerve, pudental nerve

82
Q

What root values form the lumbosacral trunk?

A

L4-5

83
Q

Other than sciatic and pudental nerve, what are other branches of sacral plexus?

A
  • Nerve to piriformis (S1-2)
  • Post. femoral cutaneous
  • Nerve to quadratus femoris
  • Nerve to obturator internus
  • Nerve to levator ani and coccygeus
84
Q

Inferior to what muscle does the sciatic nerve enter the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis

85
Q

What are the two terminal branches of sciatic nerve?

A
  • Tibial

- Common fibular

86
Q

Does sciatic nerve innervate any gluteal muscles?

A

No

87
Q

What is the action of hamstring muscles on hip and knee joint?

A

Hip: Extension
Knee: Flexion

88
Q

What nerve innervates posterior thigh muscles? What branches innervate what muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve

  • Tibial division: Semitendinosus/Semimembranosus/long head of biceps femoris
  • Common fibular division: Short head of biceps femoris
89
Q

Is the fibula involved in the knee joint?

A

No

90
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Synovial hinge

91
Q

Where does the lateral collateral ligament extend from/to?

A

From lateral epicondyle of femur

To lateral surface of head of fibula

92
Q

What muscle tendon passes deep to LCL separating it from lateral meniscus?

A

Popliteus muscle

93
Q

Where does medial collateral ligament extend from/to?

A

From medial epicondyle of femur

To medial condyle and upper part of medial surface of tibia

94
Q

Why is firm attachment of MCL to medial meniscus clinically important?

A

MCL damage can injure medial meniscus too. Get ‘unhappy triad’ of ACL, medial meniscus and tibial collateral ligament torn

95
Q

What does the ACL help to prevent?

A

Posterior displacement of knee and hyperextension

96
Q

What does PCL help to prevent?

A

Anterior displacement of knee and hyperflexion

97
Q

What are the main functions of menisci? (c shaped plates of fibrocartilage on articular surface of tibia)

A

Deepen articular surface of knee joint, help in shock absorption and stability

98
Q

What meniscus is attached to MCL?

A

Medial meniscus

99
Q

What muscles flex the knee?

A
  • Sartorius
  • Gracilis
  • Hamstring muscles
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Popliteus
100
Q

What muscles extend the knee?

A

-Quadriceps

101
Q

What bursa communicates with articular cavity of knee joint? Clinical significance?

A

Suprapatellar bursa. Stabbing above patella can lead to infected knee

102
Q

Action of sartorius on hip?

A
  • Flexion
  • Abduction
  • Lateral rotation
103
Q

Innervation of sartorius?

A

Femoral nerve

104
Q

Action of pectineus on hip?

A
  • Internal rotation
  • Adduction
  • Flexion
105
Q

What passes through greater sciatic foramen?

A

Obturator nerve

106
Q

What excessive movement does iliofemoral ligament prevent?

A

Hyperextension

107
Q

Innervation of tensor fasciae latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

108
Q

Root value of femoral nerve?

A

L2-4

109
Q

Action of biceps femoris on knee

A

Extension

110
Q

Nerve supply to semitendinosus?

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve

111
Q

Innervation of gluteus medius?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

Yr 3 MSK (12 decks)

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