Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HistoPath > Lower GI > Flashcards

Lower GI Flashcards

1
Q
  1. List some congenital disorders of the GI tract.
A

Atresia/stenosis
Duplication
Imperforate anus
Hirschsprung disease (MOST COMMON)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. What is Hirschsprung disease?
A

Caused by the absence of ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus results in failure of dilatation of the distal colon
Presents with constipation, abdominal distension, vomiting and overflow diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. List some genetic associations of Hirschsprung disease.
A

Down syndrome

RET proto-oncogene Cr10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. How is Hirschsprung disease diagnosed?
A

Clinical impression
Full thickness rectal biopsy
Shows hypertrophied nerve fibres but no ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. How is Hirschsprung disease treated?
A

Resection of affected (constricted) segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What is a volvulus?
A

twisting of a loop of bowel at the mesenteric base around a vascular pedicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. Which part of the intestines tend to be affected by volvulus in children and the eldery?
A

Children – small bowel

Elderly – sigmoid colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Describe the pathophysiology of diverticular disease.
A

High intraluminal pressure (e.g. due to poor diet) leads to herniation of the bowel mucosa through weak points in the bowel wall (usually sites of entry of nutrient vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. List some causes of acute colitis.
A

Infection
Drugs/toxins
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. List the effects of infection on the colon.
A

Secretory diarrhoea (due to toxin)
Exudative diarrhoea (due to invasion and mucosal damage)
Severe tissue damage and perforation
Systemic illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. What can cause pseudomembranous colitis?
A

Exotoxins by C. difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. How can C. difficile colitis be diagnosed?
A

Toxin stool assay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. How is pseudomembranous colitis treated?
A

Metronidazole or vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Where in the intestines does ischaemic colitis tend to occur?
A

Watershed zones (e.g. splenic flexure, rectosigmoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. List some causes of ischaemic colitis.
A

Arterial occlusion (e.g. embolism)
Venous occlusion (e.g. thrombus)
Small vessel disease (e.g. diabetes mellitus)
Low flow states (e.g. CCF)
Obstruction (e.g. hernia, intussusception)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. List some characteristic features of Crohn’s disease.
A 
Can occur anywhere from mouth to anus 
Skip lesions 
Transmural inflammation 
Non-caseating granulomas 
Sinus/fistula formation 
Mostly affects large bowel and terminal ileum 
Thick rubber hose-like wall 
Cobblestone mucosa 
Narrow lumen
17
Q
  1. List some extra-intestinal features of inflammatory bowel disease.
A

Arthritis
Uveitis
Stomatitis/cheilitis
Skin lesions (pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum)

18
Q
  1. List some characteristic features of ulcerative colitis.
A

Involves rectum and colon in a continuous fashion
May see backwash ileitis (involvement of the terminal ileum)
Inflammation is confined to the mucosa
Bowel wall is normal thickness

19
Q
  1. List some complications of ulcerative colitis.
A

Severe haemorrhage
Toxic megacolon
Adenocarcinoma (20-30 x increased risk)

20
Q
  1. Which liver condition is associated with UC?
A

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

21
Q
  1. List some types of neoplastic epithelial lesions that occur in the GI tract.
A

Adenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoid tumour

22
Q
  1. List some types of stromal lesions that occur in the GI tract.
A

Stromal tumours
Lipoma
Sarcoma
Other: lymphoma

23
Q
  1. List three types of non-neoplastic polyp.
A

Hyperplastic
Inflammatory (pseudopolyp)
Haemartomatous (juvenile, Peutz-Jeghers)

24
Q
  1. List three types of neoplastic polyp.
A

Tubular adenoma
Tubulovillous adenoma
Villous adenoma

25
Q
  1. What is an adenoma?
A

Excess epithelial proliferation with dysplasia

26
Q
  1. List some features of an adenoma that are associated with increased risk of becoming a carcinoma.
A

Size of polyp (> 4 cm = 45%)
Proportion of villous component
Degree of dysplastic change within a polyp

27
Q
  1. List some observations that have given rise to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence theory.
A

Areas with a high prevalence of adenomas have a high prevalence of carcinoma
Adenomas tend to appear 10 years before a carcinoma
Risk of cancer is proportional to the number of adenomas

28
Q
  1. List some familial syndromes that are characterised by intestinal polyps.
A

Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome
FAP (Gardner’s, Turcot)
HNPCC

29
Q
  1. Which gene is mutated in FAP?
A

APC gene – chromosome 5q21

30
Q
  1. What is Gardner’s syndrome?
A

Same features of FAP but with extra-intestinal manifestations: multiple osteomas of the skull and mandible, epidermoid cysts, desmoid tumours and supernumerary teeth

31
Q
  1. Where do carcinomas in HNPCC tend to occur?
A

Proximal to the splenic flexure

NOTE: poorly differentiated and mucinous cancers are more common. Polyps do not necessarily precede the cancer

32
Q
  1. Outline Dukes’ staging of colorectal cancer.
A

A – confined to bowel wall
B – through the bowel wall
C – lymph node metastases
D – distant metastases

HistoPath (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions