lower extremity - organization of the leg and foot Flashcards
The ability to ___ the ankle and toes keeps the toes from dragging on the ground during the heel strike and in the swing phase of walking
dorsiflex
the ability to ____ the ankle and toes allows the strong pushoff during the toe-off phase of gait
plantarflex
what are the two major landmarks at the inferior portion of the tibia/fibula?
Maleolli
medial maleoullus and lateral maleolus = “ankle bone”
what is the name of the strong “heel bone”? what structure sits superficial to this?
heel bone = calcaneus
talus is superficial to that
The calcaneus and talus articulate with what to make a hinge joint?
tibia and fibula
Upper ankle joint (talocural) - bones involved, mvmnt?
Malleoli of tibia, fibula, and talus (tarsal)
hinge joint - dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot
Lower ankle joint (subtalar) - bones involved, mvmnt?
Talus and calcaneus (heel)
inversion and eversion
Transverse tarsal joint - bones involved, mvmnt?
talus and calcaneus (heel), navicular and cuboid (all tarsal)
inversion and eversion
Deltoid (medial/tibial collateral) ligament - fxn?
prevents hyper-eversion
Lateral (fibular collateral) ligaments - ligaments involved, fxn?
distinct ligaments: anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular)
prevents hyper-inversion
what is the most commonly sprained ankle ligament?
anterior talofibular (overinversion)
Name the muscle compartments of the leg
anterior compartment
lateral compartment
posterior compartment (superficial and deep)
Anterior compartment - action and innervation
A: digital extension and dorsiflexion; foot inversion
I: deep fibular n.
Lateral compartment - action and innervation
A: plantar flexion and foot eversion
I: superficial fibular n.
Posterior compartment (superficial and deep) - action and innervation
A: digital and plantar flexion
I: tibial n.
how would damage to the deep fibular nerve present? what compartment does it innervate?
innervates the anterior compartment
sensory loss - small territory between big toe (hallux) and second digit
motor - decreased dorsiflexion –> FOOT DROP, modified gait
Tibialis anterior - compartment, action, innervation?
anterior compartment
A: dorsiflexion of foot, foot inversion
I: deep fibular nerve
Extensor digitorum longus - compartment, action, innervation?
anterior compartment
A: extension of 4 lateral digits; dorsiflexion of foot
I: deep fibular n.
Extensor hallicus longus - compartment, action, innervation?
anterior compartment
A: great to extension and foot dorsiflexion
I: deep fibular n.
fibularis tertius - compartment, action, innervation?
anterior compartment (variably present)
A: eversion and foot dorsiflexion
I. deep fibular
what anatomical landmark can be used when taking dorsalis pedis pulse?
dorsalis pedis pulse can be found lateral to extensor hallicus longus
what muscles are included in the anterior compartment of the leg?
extensor hallucis longus
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
what is the dorsalis pedis artery a branch of?
branch of anterior tibial artery, which supplies anterior compartment
the popliteal artery branches into what? compartments supplied?
anterior tibial artery - anterior leg compartment
posterior tibial artery - posterior and lateral leg compartments
fibular (peroneal) artery - posterior tibial artery - posterior leg, with perforating branches supplying the lateral leg compartment
what artery supplies the muscles on the sole of the foot?
lateral plantar artery
how would damage to the superficial fibular nerve present? what compartment is effected?
lateral compartment
sensory loss - dorsum of foot, common fibular n. (runs superficial at top of fibula, so more likely to damage common fibular before biforcation than to damage superficial fibular n. on its own) - lateral leg
motor - decreased foot eversion (if common fibular n. also damaged, expect decr. dorsiflexion - foot drop/modified gait)
fibularis longus - compartment, action, innervation?
lateral compartment
A: foot eversion and foot plantarflexion
I: superficial fibular n.
fibularis brevis - compartment, action, innervation?
lateral compartment
A: foot eversion
I: superficial fibular
a good landmark to identify the fibularis longus and brevis is the …
lateral malleolus - they “hook” right underneath this
how would damage to the tibial nerve present? what compartment does this nerve innervate?
posterior compartment
sensory loss - sole of foot
motor - decr plantarflexion; cant stand on tip toes/ curl toes
gastrocnemius - compartment, action, innervation?
posterior compartment (superficial)
A: plantarflexion (and knee flexion - dt proximal attach.); big driver of calf muscle fxn; has two heads
I: tibail n.
soleus - compartment, action, innervation?
posterior compartment (superficial)
A: plantarflexion
I: tibial n.
plantaris - compartment, action, innervation?
posterior compartment (superficial)
A: plantarflexion (small, weaker action)
I: tibail n.
what contributes to the calcaneal tendon?
“achilles tendon”
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
popliteus - compartment, action, innervation?
posterior compartment (deep)
A: support knee for flexion
I: tibial n.
tibialis posterior - compartment, action, innervation?
posterior compartment (deep)
A: plantarflexion and inversion of foot
I: tibial n.
flexor digitorum longus - compartment, action, innervation?
posterior compartment (deep)
A: flexion of lateral 4 digits
I: tibial n.
flexor hallicus longus - compartment, action, innervation?
posterior compartment (deep)
*starts lateral and crosses over to medial
A: flexion of big toe
I: tibial n
