lower extremity - organization of the leg and foot

Question 1

The ability to ___ the ankle and toes keeps the toes from dragging on the ground during the heel strike and in the swing phase of walking

Answer 1

dorsiflex

Question 2

the ability to ____ the ankle and toes allows the strong pushoff during the toe-off phase of gait

Answer 2

plantarflex

Question 3

what are the two major landmarks at the inferior portion of the tibia/fibula?

Answer 3

Maleolli
medial maleoullus and lateral maleolus = “ankle bone”

Question 4

what is the name of the strong “heel bone”? what structure sits superficial to this?

Answer 4

heel bone = calcaneus
talus is superficial to that

Question 5

The calcaneus and talus articulate with what to make a hinge joint?

Answer 5

tibia and fibula

Question 6

Upper ankle joint (talocural) - bones involved, mvmnt?

Answer 6

Malleoli of tibia, fibula, and talus (tarsal)

hinge joint - dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot

Question 7

Lower ankle joint (subtalar) - bones involved, mvmnt?

Answer 7

Talus and calcaneus (heel)

inversion and eversion

Question 8

Transverse tarsal joint - bones involved, mvmnt?

Answer 8

talus and calcaneus (heel), navicular and cuboid (all tarsal)

inversion and eversion

Question 9

Deltoid (medial/tibial collateral) ligament - fxn?

Answer 9

prevents hyper-eversion

Question 10

Lateral (fibular collateral) ligaments - ligaments involved, fxn?

Answer 10

distinct ligaments: anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular)

prevents hyper-inversion

Question 11

what is the most commonly sprained ankle ligament?

Answer 11

anterior talofibular (overinversion)

Question 12

Name the muscle compartments of the leg

Answer 12

anterior compartment
lateral compartment
posterior compartment (superficial and deep)

Question 13

Anterior compartment - action and innervation

Answer 13

A: digital extension and dorsiflexion; foot inversion

I: deep fibular n.

Question 14

Lateral compartment - action and innervation

Answer 14

A: plantar flexion and foot eversion

I: superficial fibular n.

Question 15

Posterior compartment (superficial and deep) - action and innervation

Answer 15

A: digital and plantar flexion

I: tibial n.

Question 16

how would damage to the deep fibular nerve present? what compartment does it innervate?

Answer 16

innervates the anterior compartment

sensory loss - small territory between big toe (hallux) and second digit

motor - decreased dorsiflexion –> FOOT DROP, modified gait

Question 17

Tibialis anterior - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 17

anterior compartment

A: dorsiflexion of foot, foot inversion

I: deep fibular nerve

Question 18

Extensor digitorum longus - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 18

anterior compartment

A: extension of 4 lateral digits; dorsiflexion of foot

I: deep fibular n.

Question 19

Extensor hallicus longus - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 19

anterior compartment

A: great to extension and foot dorsiflexion

I: deep fibular n.

Question 20

fibularis tertius - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 20

anterior compartment (variably present)

A: eversion and foot dorsiflexion

I. deep fibular

Question 21

what anatomical landmark can be used when taking dorsalis pedis pulse?

Answer 21

dorsalis pedis pulse can be found lateral to extensor hallicus longus

Question 22

what muscles are included in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 22

extensor hallucis longus
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus

Question 23

what is the dorsalis pedis artery a branch of?

Answer 23

branch of anterior tibial artery, which supplies anterior compartment

Question 24

the popliteal artery branches into what? compartments supplied?

Answer 24

anterior tibial artery - anterior leg compartment
posterior tibial artery - posterior and lateral leg compartments
fibular (peroneal) artery - posterior tibial artery - posterior leg, with perforating branches supplying the lateral leg compartment

Question 25

what artery supplies the muscles on the sole of the foot?

Answer 25

lateral plantar artery

Question 26

how would damage to the superficial fibular nerve present? what compartment is effected?

Answer 26

lateral compartment sensory loss - dorsum of foot, common fibular n. (runs superficial at top of fibula, so more likely to damage common fibular before biforcation than to damage superficial fibular n. on its own) - lateral leg motor - decreased foot eversion (if common fibular n. also damaged, expect decr. dorsiflexion - foot drop/modified gait)

Question 27

fibularis longus - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 27

lateral compartment A: foot eversion and foot plantarflexion I: superficial fibular n.

Question 28

fibularis brevis - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 28

lateral compartment A: foot eversion I: superficial fibular

Question 29

a good landmark to identify the fibularis longus and brevis is the ...

Answer 29

lateral malleolus - they "hook" right underneath this

Question 30

how would damage to the tibial nerve present? what compartment does this nerve innervate?

Answer 30

posterior compartment sensory loss - sole of foot motor - decr plantarflexion; cant stand on tip toes/ curl toes

Question 31

gastrocnemius - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 31

posterior compartment (superficial) A: plantarflexion (and knee flexion - dt proximal attach.); big driver of calf muscle fxn; has two heads I: tibail n.

Question 32

soleus - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 32

posterior compartment (superficial) A: plantarflexion I: tibial n.

Question 33

plantaris - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 33

posterior compartment (superficial) A: plantarflexion (small, weaker action) I: tibail n.

Question 34

what contributes to the calcaneal tendon?

Answer 34

"achilles tendon" gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

Question 35

popliteus - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 35

posterior compartment (deep) A: support knee for flexion I: tibial n.

Question 36

tibialis posterior - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 36

posterior compartment (deep) A: plantarflexion and inversion of foot I: tibial n.

Question 37

flexor digitorum longus - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 37

posterior compartment (deep) A: flexion of lateral 4 digits I: tibial n.

Question 38

flexor hallicus longus - compartment, action, innervation?

Answer 38

posterior compartment (deep) *starts lateral and crosses over to medial A: flexion of big toe I: tibial n