Anatomical terminology and intro to the skeletal system Flashcards
the midsagital plane divides the body into ___ while the sagital plane divides the body into ___
midsagital = equal right/left
sagital = unequal right/left
coronal (frontal) divides the body into ___ and the transverse plane divides the body into ___
coronal = front/back
transverse = top/bottom (think normal CT)
define the following
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Valgus
Varus
extrinsic: starts outside the region (longer/stronger)
intrinsic: starts and ends in the same region (fine manipulation/dextorus movements)
valgus: angulates outwards
vaRus: angulates inwards (think sitting on a hoRse and angle of tibia)
define the following terms of movement
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
flexion: movment to decrease an angle (ex: bending knee)
extension: movement to increase and angle (ex: straightening knee)
adduction: movement towards the midline
abduction: movement away from the midline (think being abducted = taken AWAY)
what is a ligament
a band or sheeth of fibrous connective tissue connecting two or more bones or structures
what is a tendon
non-contractile band of connective tissue which connects contractile portion of the muscle with its bony attachment
An ___ is where two or more bones come together
articulation (joint)
Axial skeleton includes
80 bones; includes bones of the head, back, and chest
Appendicular skeleton includes
126 bones; bones related to movement of the limbs
what are the different classifications of bones?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones
what is a sesamoid bone? fxn?
located in tendons
typically found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint
fxn to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical efficancy
which type of joint has minimal movement? example?
fibrous joint
suture (skull), syndemosis (distal tibia/fibula), gomphosis (teeth)
what is the most common joint type in the body?
synovial joint
example of primary and secondary cartilaginous joint?
started as cartilage and ossified over time
primary: growth plates
secondary: symphyses, intervertebral discs
what are the 4 major characteristics of synovial joints?
- usually hyaline cartilage covering the joint surface (provides smooth lining on surface)
- joint capsule of fibrous tissue
- synovial membrane lining capsule
- synovial fluid covering joint surface (allows joints to fxn in a frictionless environment
List the synovial joint types
plane
hinge
saddle
condyloid
ball and socket
pivot
this type of joint has flat articular surfaces that permit gliding motions
Plane joints
ex: clavical
this type of joint permits flexion and extension ONLY
hinge joint
ex: elbow; uniaxial
this type of joint permits ab/adduction and flexion/extension? what articulation is an important example that makes this joint
saddle joint (we only have 2!!)
ex: articulation of the trapezium and carpal joint of the thumb - carpometacarpal joint of thumb; biaxial)
what is the significance of the carpometacarpal joint?
allows us to move our thumbs!! grip; very evolutionary important for humans
this type of joint permits ab/adduction and flexion/extension, although movement on one plane is usually greater
condyloid joint
ex: wrist; biaxial
this type of joint allows movement in multiple axes and planes (ab/adduction, flexion/extension, rotation)
ball and socket joint
ex: shoulder; triaxial
this type of joint permits rotation around a central axis
pivot joint
ex: superior radioulnar, shaking head no; uniaxial
what is Hilton’s law?
the nerve supplying a joing also supplies both the muscles that move the joint and the skin covering the articular insertion of those muscles
- everyjoint capsule has nerves and arteries = gives the body feedback if joint is pushed past normal ROM
