Anatomical terminology and intro to the skeletal system

Question 1

the midsagital plane divides the body into ___ while the sagital plane divides the body into ___

Answer 1

midsagital = equal right/left
sagital = unequal right/left

Question 2

coronal (frontal) divides the body into ___ and the transverse plane divides the body into ___

Answer 2

coronal = front/back
transverse = top/bottom (think normal CT)

Question 3

define the following
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Valgus
Varus

Answer 3

extrinsic: starts outside the region (longer/stronger)
intrinsic: starts and ends in the same region (fine manipulation/dextorus movements)
valgus: angulates outwards
vaRus: angulates inwards (think sitting on a hoRse and angle of tibia)

Question 4

define the following terms of movement
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction

Answer 4

flexion: movment to decrease an angle (ex: bending knee)
extension: movement to increase and angle (ex: straightening knee)
adduction: movement towards the midline
abduction: movement away from the midline (think being abducted = taken AWAY)

Question 5

what is a ligament

Answer 5

a band or sheeth of fibrous connective tissue connecting two or more bones or structures

Question 6

what is a tendon

Answer 6

non-contractile band of connective tissue which connects contractile portion of the muscle with its bony attachment

Question 7

An ___ is where two or more bones come together

Answer 7

articulation (joint)

Question 8

Axial skeleton includes

Answer 8

80 bones; includes bones of the head, back, and chest

Question 9

Appendicular skeleton includes

Answer 9

126 bones; bones related to movement of the limbs

Question 10

what are the different classifications of bones?

Answer 10

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

Question 11

what is a sesamoid bone? fxn?

Answer 11

located in tendons
typically found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint
fxn to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical efficancy

Question 12

which type of joint has minimal movement? example?

Answer 12

fibrous joint
suture (skull), syndemosis (distal tibia/fibula), gomphosis (teeth)

Question 13

what is the most common joint type in the body?

Answer 13

synovial joint

Question 14

example of primary and secondary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 14

started as cartilage and ossified over time
primary: growth plates
secondary: symphyses, intervertebral discs

Question 15

what are the 4 major characteristics of synovial joints?

Answer 15

1. usually hyaline cartilage covering the joint surface (provides smooth lining on surface)
2. joint capsule of fibrous tissue
3. synovial membrane lining capsule
4. synovial fluid covering joint surface (allows joints to fxn in a frictionless environment

Question 16

List the synovial joint types

Answer 16

plane
hinge
saddle
condyloid
ball and socket
pivot

Question 17

this type of joint has flat articular surfaces that permit gliding motions

Answer 17

Plane joints
ex: clavical

Question 18

this type of joint permits flexion and extension ONLY

Answer 18

hinge joint
ex: elbow; uniaxial

Question 19

this type of joint permits ab/adduction and flexion/extension? what articulation is an important example that makes this joint

Answer 19

saddle joint (we only have 2!!)
ex: articulation of the trapezium and carpal joint of the thumb - carpometacarpal joint of thumb; biaxial)

Question 20

what is the significance of the carpometacarpal joint?

Answer 20

allows us to move our thumbs!! grip; very evolutionary important for humans

Question 21

this type of joint permits ab/adduction and flexion/extension, although movement on one plane is usually greater

Answer 21

condyloid joint
ex: wrist; biaxial

Question 22

this type of joint allows movement in multiple axes and planes (ab/adduction, flexion/extension, rotation)

Answer 22

ball and socket joint
ex: shoulder; triaxial

Question 23

this type of joint permits rotation around a central axis

Answer 23

pivot joint
ex: superior radioulnar, shaking head no; uniaxial

Question 24

what is Hilton’s law?

Answer 24

the nerve supplying a joing also supplies both the muscles that move the joint and the skin covering the articular insertion of those muscles
- everyjoint capsule has nerves and arteries = gives the body feedback if joint is pushed past normal ROM