Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHTH 510: Anatomy > Lower Extremity Lecture Questions > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Lecture Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lower limb borderlines?

A

-Iliac crest separates LL from posterior abdominal walls
-PSIS separates the LL from the muscles of the back
-Sacrotuberous ligament separates the LL from the perineum
-Inguinal ligament separates the LL from the anterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major areas of transition in the lower limb?

A

-Femoral triangle
-Popliteal fossa
-Tarsal tunnel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 major entry and exit points between the lower limb, abdomen, pelvis, and perineum?

A

-The gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone
-The greater sciatic foramen
-The obturator canal
-The lesser sciatic foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the communication between the LL and the pelvis?

A

-Obturator canal
-Greater sciatic foramen
-Lesser sciatic foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the communication between the LL and abdomen?

A

Gap between inguinal ligament and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

False pelvis

A

-Superior region
-Technically part of the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True pelvis

A

-Lesser pelvis
-Inferior region
-Sacrum & coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pelvic wall

A

-Bones: pelvic bones
-Muscles: obturator internus and piriformis
-Ligaments: sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments which connect each pelvic bone to the sacrum and coccyx and conver the two notches on the pelvic bones to the greater and lesser sciatic foramens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Female vs male pelvis

A

Females
-Pelvic inlet is more circular
-Ischial spine does not project as far medially in order for babies to come through
-Angle formed by the pubic arch is larger (80-85 degrees)
Males
-Pelvic inlet is heart shaped
-Ischial spine projects more into the pelvic cavity
-Angle formed by the pubic arch is smaller (50-60 degrees)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 major apertures in the pelvic wall?

A

-Obturator canal
-Greater sciatic foramen
-Lesser sciatic foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the nerves in the gluteal region?

A

-Superior gluteal nerve
-Sciatic nerve
-Nerve to quadratus femoris
-Posterior femoral cutaneous
-Pudendal nerve
-Inferior gluteal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a positive trendelenburg sign? What causes it?

A

-Hip drop on one side
-When the gluteus medius and minimus are inactive or weak due to an injury of the superior gluteal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is piriformis syndrome? What are the symptoms? What are the most common causes of it?

A

-When the piriformis muscle is tight and compresses the sciatic nerve
-Symptoms are pain, tingling, or numbness. Pain can extend all the way down the length of the sciatic
-Most commonly caused by prolonged sitting and running

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal angle between the neck and shaft of the femur? What is it in kids?

A

-Normal is 125 degrees
-In kids it is normal to be 140 degrees (coxa valga)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is coxa valga?

A

When the angle between the neck and shaft of the femur is greater than 140 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is coxa vara?

A

When the angle between the neck and shaft of the femur is less than 120 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the ligamentum teres? What artery does it carry?

A

It is a flat band of connective tissue that attaches to the fovea of the femur and the acetabulum. It carries a branch of the obturator artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main blood supply of the hip?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries of the femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is hemiarthroplasty?

A

When the head of the femur is replaced but the acetabular component is not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a total hip replacement?

A

When both the head of the femur and the acetabular component of the hip are replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the three capsular ligaments of the hip?

A

-Iliofemoral
-Ischiofemoral
-Pubofemoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is hip open-packed position?

A

-Flexion to 30 degrees
-Abduction to 30 degrees
-Slight external rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What movement does the iliofemoral ligament limit?

A

It limits hyperextension and external rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What movement does the pubofemoral ligament limit?

A

It limits hyperextension and abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What movement does the ischiofemoral ligament limit?

A

It limits hyperextension and internal rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?

A

-Anterior
-Medial
-Posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do the anterior thigh compartment muscles do?

A

-Flex the thigh
-Extend the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the posterior thigh compartment muscles do?

A

-Extend the thigh
-Flex the leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do the medial thigh compartment muscles do?

A

-Adduct the thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the innervation to the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the innervation to the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-L4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the innervation to the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sciatic nerve (L4-S2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What major structures go through the femoral triangle?

A

-Femoral nerve
-Femoral artery
-Femoral vein
-Lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

-Base: inguinal ligament
-Medial: medial margin of the adductor longus
-Lateral: medial margin of the sartorius
-Floor: pectineus and adductor longus in the medial compartment & laterally by iliopsoas
-Apex: popliteal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

-Iliopsoas
-Rectus femoris
-Vastus lateralis
-Vastus medialis
-Vastus intermedius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is a major role of the iliopsoas?

A

-Maintaining uprightposture
-Stronger contraction when walking or running up hill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the purpose of the patello-femoral joint?

A

It helps the quadriceps contract and helps them produce more force without placing wear and tear on the tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which condyle of the femur extends more anteriorly? Which one posteriorly?

A

-The lateral femoral condyle extends more anteriorly
-The medial femoral condyle extends more posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What different types of intercondylar notches are there? Which one puts you at higher risk for ACL or PCL tear/injury?

A

-Type A
-Type U
-Type W
-Type A puts you at much higher risk for ACL or PCL injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Do the menisci get a lot of blood supply?

A

No, there is not much blood supply, so they don’t heal very well and typically need surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which tibial plateau is larger than the other?

A

The medial tibial plateau is larger and more oval since the medial condyle of the femur is larger and more oval shaped than the lateral condyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a major difference between the medial and lateral meniscus?

A

-The medial meniscus is attached to the MCL and the joint capsule
-The lateral meniscus is not attached to the LCL or the joint capsule so it is more mobile and less likely to be torn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the purpose of the menisci?

A

The menisci provide shock absorption and also help to spread synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What happens to the pressure forces of the femur on the tibia when someone has a meniscectomy?

A

-When there is a meniscus, pressure forces are distributed across the whole tibia
-When someone has a meniscectomy, the area of pressure decreases, and more pressure is placed in the center of the tibia and not so much on the outsides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the purpose of the articularis genu?

A

The articularis genu pulls the joint capsule out of the way during knee extension

44
Q

What is the purpose of the infrapatellar fat pad?

A

The infrapatellar fat pad helps to optimize the amount of synovial fluid needed in the joint capsule, which optimizes pressure

45
Q

Why is the LCL not attached to the joint capsule?

A

Because the popliteal tendon causes a small gap in the fibrous membrane, so the LCL stays outside of the membrane

46
Q

What are bursae? What is their function?

A

Bursae are sacs of synovial fluid that cushion tendons and allow them to move freely

47
Q

What are the main ligaments of the knee?

A

-Coronary ligament
-Patellar ligament
-Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
-Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
-Tibial collateral ligament/medial collateral ligament (MCL)
-Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

48
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary ligament?

A

It is the ligament that attaches the menisci and the tibia in order to keep the menisci in place

49
Q

What is the purpose of the patellar ligament?

A

It is a continuation of the quadriceps tendon and functions as a ligament

50
Q

What are the functions of the ACL and PCL?

A

-The ACL prevents anterior displacement of the tibia
-The PCL prevents posterior displacement of the tibia
-There is always tension in both of these ligaments

51
Q

What is unique about the PCL?

A

It is the strongest ligament in the knee and is typically only injured in car accidents

52
Q

What are the functions of the MCL and LCL?

A

-MCL prevents valgus stress
-LCL prevents varus stress

53
Q

What is the locking mechanism of the knee?

A

-Closed chain: Femur internally rotates on tibia
-Open chain: Tibia externally rotates on femur

54
Q

What is the Q-angle? Is it different in males than females? If so, why?

A

-Quadriceps angle, it is formed by a line from the ASIS to the center of the patella and a line drawn straight upwards from the tibial tubercle

55
Q

What is genu valgum? What stages of life is it normal?

A

-Knock knees
-It is normal from the ages of 3 to 12, then the children should outgrow it

56
Q

What is genu varus? What stages of life is it normal?

A

-Bow legged
-It is normal in babies from 1 year to 3 years

57
Q

What is the vascular supply to the knee?

A

-Descending genicular artery
-Popliteal & lateral circumflex femoral arteries
-Circumflex fibular artery
-Branches from anterior tibial artery

58
Q

How many bones are there in the foot? How many joints?

A

There are 26 bones and 33 joints

59
Q

What are the proximal tarsal bones?

A

Talus and calcaneus

60
Q

What are the distal tarsal bones?

A

-Cuboid
-Medial, lateral, and intermediate cuneiforms

61
Q

What is the intermediate tarsal bone that separates the distal and proximal tarsal bones?

A

The navicular bone

62
Q

What forms the ankle joint?

A

The articulation between the talus and the tibia & fibula

63
Q

What is the function of the sustentaculum tali?

A

-It supports the talus where the flexor hallucis longus attaches
-Forms groove

64
Q

What is the function of the fibular trochlea?

A

It splits the tendons of 2 foot muscles

65
Q

What is the purpose of the sesamoid bones on the plantar surface of the metatarsals?

A

They provide leverage for tendons so they stay in place and produce more force

66
Q

What is different about the articulation between metatarsal I and II and the other metatarsal articulations?

A

-Metatarsal I and II do not articulate while the others do at the base of the metatarsals

67
Q

What attaches at the tuberosity at the base of metatarsal V?

A

Fibularis brevis

68
Q

What movement does the talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint allow?

A

Inversion and eversion

69
Q

What movement does the talocrural (true ankle) joint allow?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

70
Q

What are the major ligaments at the ankle? What side are they on?

A

-Deltoid ligament : 4 main parts (medial side)
-Lateral ligaments (Anterior talofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament)
-Anterior talofibular ligament accounts for 70% of ankle sprains

71
Q

How common are ankle fractures?

A

They are the 2nd most common fractures in adults

72
Q

What major structures come through the popliteal fossa?

A

-Popliteal artery and vein
-Tibial and common fibular nerves

73
Q

What structures form the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

-Semitendinosus
-Semimembranosus
-Biceps femoris long head
-Plantaris
-Lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius

74
Q

What are the major veins in the lower limb? What do they form at the foot?

A

-Femoral vein
-Great saphenous
-Small saphenous
-The great and small saphenous veins form the dorsal venous arch at the foot

75
Q

What is the purpose of the fibula?

A

Attachment of muscles and provides stability to the ankle

76
Q

How are the tibia and fibula connected?

A

The interosseous membrane

77
Q

What is the purpose of the interosseous membrane?

A

-It helps to distribute force
-Attachment site for muscles

78
Q

What are the three compartments of the leg?

A

-Anterior
-Lateral
-Posterior

79
Q

What divides the different compartments of the leg?

A

Intermuscular septa

80
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

When the fascia is so thick that the muscles cannot expand

81
Q

What is the deep fascia of the leg called?

A

Crural fascia

82
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

83
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

84
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibial nerve

85
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

-Tibialis anterior
-Extensor hallucis longus
-Extensor digitorum longus
-Fibularis tertius

86
Q

What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

-Fibularis longus
-Fibularis brevis

87
Q

What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

-Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris (superficial)
-Popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior (deep)

88
Q

What nerve does the tibial nerve give rise to?

A

The sural nerve and medial calcaneal nerve

89
Q

What does the popliteal artery split into?

A

The anterior and posterior tibial artery

90
Q

What movements occur from the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Dorsiflexion/inversion and eversion

91
Q

What movements occur from the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Plantar flexion

92
Q

What movements occur from the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Eversion & plantar flexion

93
Q

What are retinaculums? What is their purpose?

A

-Strap like layer of connective tissue
-They help keep tendons in place

94
Q

What structures go through the tarsal tunnel?

A

-Tibial nerve
-Posterior tibial artery
-Tendons of flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior

95
Q

What is tarsal tunnel syndrome? What is it caused by? What are the symptoms?

A

-It is when there is pressure on the tibial nerve
-The most common causes of tarsal tunnel syndrome are ankle sprains (swelling), inflammation, and flat feet
-Pain, numbness, tingling

96
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A

-Medial longitudinal arch
-Lateral longitudinal arch
-Transverse arch

97
Q

What ligaments and muscles support the arches of the foot?

A

-Short and long plantar ligaments
-Plantar aponeurosis
-Tibialis posterior tendond
-Tibialis anterior tendon
-Fibularis longus tendon

98
Q

What is the plantar aponeurosis? What is its function?

A

-It is a thickening of deep fascia in the sole of the foot
-It helps the skin on the bottom of the foot stay taught during walking so it doesn’t slide

99
Q

What is plantar fasciitis? What causes it? What are the symptoms? What happens if it is chronic?

A

-Plantar fasciitis is when the plantar aponeurosis is stretched during standing and walking
-It is caused by prolonged standing and walking
-Pain, tenderness in the sole of the foot
-Chronic plantar fasciitis can lead to calcaneal spurs

100
Q

What muscles are in the dorsum of the foot?

A

-Extensor digitorum brevis
-Extensor hallucis brevis

101
Q

What muscles are in the first layer in the sole of the foot?

A

-Abductor hallucis
-Flexor digitorum brevis
-Abductor digiti minimi

102
Q

What muscles are in the second layer of the sole of the foot?

A

-Quadratus plantae
-Lumbricals

103
Q

What muscles are in the third layer of the sole of the foot?

A

-Flexor hallucis brevis
-Adductor hallucis
-Flexor minimi brevis

104
Q

What muscles are in the fourth layer of the sole of the foot?

A

-Dorsal interossei
-Plantar interossei

105
Q

How many plantar interossei are there in the foot?

A

3

106
Q

How many dorsal interossei are there in the foot?

A

4

107
Q

What are the main arteries that supply the foot?

A

-Lateral plantar artery
-Medial plantar artery
-Posterior tibial artery
-Dorsal pedis artery

108
Q

What nerves innervate the foot?

A

-Deep fibular nerve
-Medial plantar nerve
-Lateral plantar nerve
-Tibial nerve

PHTH 510: Anatomy (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions