lower extremity

Question 1

what is one of the bodies most stable joint

Answer 1

the hip due to the deep ball and socket configuration

Question 2

what makes up the pelvic girdle

Answer 2

the lower lumbar segments, sacral-iliac joints, symphysis pubis, hip joints and all of the ligaments and muscles that support it.

Question 3

what types of tissue provide joint stability

Answer 3

bone, ligaments, and muscle(tendons)

Question 4

the IT band gets tight with contraction of what 2 muscles

Answer 4

the TFL and the glute max

Question 5

how is the femur vascularized

Answer 5

through the ligamentum teres and the circumflex arteries

Question 6

when would there be a high suspicion of avascular necrosis

Answer 6

in hip dislocation, femoral neck fracture, and legg perthes or SCFF in children

Question 7

where are ground reation forces the most in gait

Answer 7

at heel strike and toe off.

Question 8

what is piriformis syndrome

Answer 8

entrapment of the static nerve due to tightness of the piriformis

Question 9

gait compensation for a painful hip joint

Answer 9

lateral sway

Question 10

gait compension for a weak gluteus medius

Answer 10

a contralateral hip drop positive trandelenburg sign

Question 11

meniscus

Answer 11

the purpose is to cushion and promote joint surface congruency. intra articular and poorly supplied with blood (harder to heal)

Question 12

what femoral condyle is larger the the other

Answer 12

medial is larger then the lateral which leads to natural valgus

Question 13

what femoral condyle is higher then the other

Answer 13

lateral is higher then the medial

Question 14

the patello-femoral articulation

Answer 14

to protect, increase function of the quad mechanism, if the patella is gone then you can lose 1/3 of quad strength

Question 15

femoral anteversion leads to

Answer 15

internal rotation, in-toeing and lateral tracking concerns

Question 16

femoral anteversion at birth and adulthood

Answer 16

30-35 degrees at birth
10-15 degrees at adulthood

Question 17

joint play

Answer 17

only occurs in response to an outside force includes distractions (separation), glides (anterior and posterior), and tilts (valgus and varus stress

Question 18

knee lock in open chain

Answer 18

the tibia externally rotates

Question 19

knee lock in closed chain

Answer 19

the femur medially rotated

Question 20

quads work to

Answer 20

de accelerate the body weight during the loading response

Question 21

hamstrings work to

Answer 21

de-accelerate the knee extension at the moment of heel strike

Question 22

lateral hamstrings create (blank) and prevents (blank)

Answer 22

external tibial rotation
the anterior-lateral translation of the tibia under the femur (why the hamstrings are important in ACLs

Question 23

the medial hamstrings (pes ansirene) creates (blank) and prevents (blank)

Answer 23

internal tibial rotation
anterior- medial translation of the tibia under the femur

Question 24

how many degrees of knee flexion and knee extension is needed for normal gait swing through

Answer 24

60 degrees of flexion and all of extension

Question 25

when do tensile stresses across the extensor mechanism need to be limited?

Answer 25

-contusions and tears to the quadriceps
-Patellar fracture
-Patellar tendon rupture
-Osgood schlatters disease

Question 26

how to avoid tensile stress on the knee extensors?

Answer 26

avoid quad contraction, avoid passive lengthening of the extensor mechanism, and rest

Question 27

when the the compressive force of the patella the most

Answer 27

when the knee is in full flexion

Question 28

contributing factors to medial collapse and lateral tracking

Answer 28

-increased femoral anteversion
-weakness in hip abductors and external rotators
-excessive foot pronation/ flat feet
-more common in females to to wider pelvis and Q angle
-leads to bowstring effect

Question 29

the big 3 injury in medial collapse

Answer 29

MCL, Medial meniscal tear, ACL

Question 30

ligaments of the foot

Answer 30

Medial: deltoid
Lateral (usually the most common to get torn): anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular

Question 31

combined motion of foot pronation

Answer 31

abduction, dorsiflexion and eversion (valgus)

Question 32

combined motion of the foot supination

Answer 32

adduction, planter flexion and inversion (varus)

Question 33

how much weight does the big toe accept in stance and gait

Answer 33

1/2 of body weight

Question 34

how much extension does first MTP need for gait push off

Answer 34

40-60 degrees

Question 35

trimalleolar fracture

Answer 35

laterla malleoli fracture, fracture to the medial malleolus, fracture to the posterior tibial mortice

Question 36

why are typical ankle sprains on the lateral side (inversion)

Answer 36

1) initial foot loading
2) boney support of fibular malleolus more distal then medial
3) lateral collateral ligaments are thinner and weaker

Question 37

passive support to the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 37

talonavicular ligament, spring ligament, planter fascia

Question 38

muscular attachment to the navicular

Answer 38

TP, TA, and fib longus