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Physiology > Lower Extremities - Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Lower Extremities - Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of the anterior thigh

A

flexors: pectinous, iliopsoas, satoris

extensors: quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis)

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2
Q

what muscles make up the flexors of the anterior thigh

A

pectinous, iliopsoas, sartorius

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3
Q

what muscles make up the quadriceps

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis

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4
Q

what is the blood supply to the anterior thigh

A

femoral artery

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5
Q

what is the innervation to the anterior thigh

A

femoral nerve

except: psoas major is innervated by anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L2-3)

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6
Q

what is the function of the anterior thigh muscles

A

flex the hip and extend the knee

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7
Q

what muscles make up the medial thigh

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor Magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

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8
Q

what is the blood supply of the medial thigh

A

obturator artery

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9
Q

What is the innervation of the medial thigh

A

obturator nerve

exception: hamstring part of the adductor Magnus - tibial branch of sciatic nerve

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10
Q

what is the function of the medial thigh

A

adducts hip + stabilization

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11
Q

what muscles make up the posterior thigh

A

hamstrings: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and long head of biceps femoris

non-hamstring: short head of biceps femoris

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12
Q

what muscle is not part of the hamstring group

A

short head of biceps femoris

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13
Q

what is the blood supply to the posterior thigh

A

lots: profunda femoris, popliteal, medial circumflex femoral arteries

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14
Q

what is the innervation of the posterior thigh

A

sciatic nerve branches

hamstrings= tibial branch
non-hamstring= common fibular branch

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15
Q

what is the function of posterior thigh muscles

A

hip extension, knee flexion, medial/lateral rotation of the knee

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16
Q

what muscles make up the gluteal region

A

superficial: glut maximus, glut medius, glut minimus, and tensor fascia lata

deep: piriformis, obturator interns, superior and inferior gemelli, and quadratus femoris

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17
Q

what is the blood supply to the gluteal region

A

branches of the internal iliac arteries –> superior and inferior gluteal arteries

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18
Q

what is the innervation to the gluteal region

A

lots: superior & inferior gluteal cutaneous nerves, sciatic, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, pudendal nerve

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19
Q

what is the function of the gluteal region muscles

A

hip extension, hip abduction, and lateral rotation

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20
Q

what muscles make up the anterior leg

A

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

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21
Q

what is the blood supply of the anterior leg

A

anterior tibial artery

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22
Q

what is the innervation of the anterior leg

A

deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (branch of the common fibular nerve)

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23
Q

what is the function of the anterior leg muscles

A

dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes

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24
Q

what muscles make up the lateral leg

A

fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

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25
Q

what is the blood supply of the lateral leg

A

no arteries course through- supplies by perforating branches of anterior tibial and fibular arteries

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26
Q

what is the innervation to the lateral leg

A

superficial fibular nerve

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27
Q

what is the function of the lateral leg muscles

A

eversion of foot, arch support, and plantar flexion of the ankle

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28
Q

what muscles make up the posterior leg

A

superficial= gastrocnemius, soleus, and planters

deep= popliteal, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

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29
Q

what is the blood supply to the posterior leg

A

posterior tibial artery

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30
Q

what is the innervation of the posterior leg

A

tibial nerve

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31
Q

what is the function of the posterior leg muscles

A

plantar flexion of the ankle, stabilize ankle, flex toes

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32
Q

what bones make up the hip joint

A

acetabulum + proximal end of femur

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33
Q

what bones make up the hip

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

34
Q

what bones make up the knee joint

A

femur, paternal, tibia

**fibular doesnt participate

35
Q

what bones make up the ankle joint

A

tibia, fibula, and talus

36
Q

what are the tarsal bones

A

talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiforms

37
Q

how many metatarsals are there

A

5

38
Q

how many phalanges are there

A

14 (middle phalange is absent in big toe)

39
Q

What is coxa vara

A

condition where the angle of inclination is reduced below 120º (normal is 120-135º)
shortens affected leg

40
Q

what is coxa valga

A

condition in which the angle of inclination is increased above 135º
lengthens affected leg

41
Q

what type of hip fracture is more severe

A

femoral neck fracture because it disrupts the medial circumflex femoral artery (risk of avascular necrosis)

42
Q

what is an inversion ankle injury

A

turns the sole of the foot inward
sprain the lateral collateral ligaments (LCL)
more common

43
Q

what is an eversion ankle injury

A

turning the sole of the foot outward
sprains the deltoid ligament (MCL)
less common

44
Q

what is the iliotibial tract (IT)

A

thickened fascia lata
made of the aponeuroses of the tensor fascia late and gluteus Maximus
extends from the iliac tubercle to the anterolateral tibial tubercle

45
Q

what vessels run through the superficial fascia

A

veins: Great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein
arteries: superficial epigastric, circumflex iliac, external pudendal arteries (branches of femoral artery)

46
Q

trace the journey of the great saphenous vein

A

o Formed by the union of the dorsal digital vein (great toe) and the dorsal venous arch vein
o Journey:
 Ascends anterior to the medial malleolus
 Passes posterior to the medial condyle of the femur
* About a hand’s breadth posterior to the medial border of the patella
 Anastomoses freely with the small saphenous vein
 Traverses the saphenous opening in the fascia lata
 Empties into the femoral vein

47
Q

where is the saphenous opening and what passes through it?

A

location: opening in the fascia lata at the anterior-medial aspect of the thigh (just below the inguinal ligament)

structures: great saphenous vein (where it drains into the femoral vein), lymphatic vessels, superficial epigastric artery

48
Q

what is the crural fascia

A

deep fascia of the leg
continuous with the fascia lata

49
Q

how do veins in the feet drain

A

drain deep to superficial

(everywhere else: superficial to deep)

50
Q

what are the superficial veins of the LE

A

Great saphenous vein- runs anteriorly
small saphenous vein - runs posteriorly

drain to femoral vein- connects to the systemic system (IVC)

51
Q

what nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the foot

A

medial plantar nerve –> medial sole and plantar surface
lateral plantar nerve –> lateral sole and plantar surface
sural nerve –> lateral margin of foot and heel
saphenous nerve –> medial margin of foot and ankle
superficial fibular nerve –> dorsal of foot
deep fibular nerve –> web space between first and second toes

52
Q

what nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the anterior leg

A

saphenous nerve and superficial fibular nerve

53
Q

what nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the posterior leg

A

sural nerve and medial calcaneal nerves

54
Q

what nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the anterior thigh

A

femoral nerve

55
Q

what nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the posterior thigh

A

posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

56
Q

what nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the medial thigh

A

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

57
Q

what does the sciatic nerve innervate

A

splits into the tibial and common fibular nerve

motor innervation
tibial –> hamstrings
fibular –> short head of biceps femoris

sensory innervation
most of the leg and foot via branches

58
Q

what muscles only cross the knee joint

A

vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus internis, and popliteus

59
Q

what muscles cross both the hip and knee joints

A

rectus femoris, sartorius, hamstrings, and gracilis

60
Q

what are the 4 bellies of the quadriceps femoris m? what joints do they cross and what are their actions?

A

rectus femoris - crosses hip and knee joints. flexes hip and extends knee

vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius- crosses only the knee. extends the knee

61
Q

what is the function of the articulates genu?

A

small muscle beneath the vastus intermedius
action: pulls the synovial membrane of the knee joint superiorly during extension
**prevents it from being pinches between the femur and patella

62
Q

what is the patellar ligament

A

continuation of the quadriceps tendon
attaches the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity

63
Q

what forms the medial and lateral patella retinaculum

A

extensions of the aponeuroses of the vastus medialis and lateralis as they blend with the patellar ligament

function: stabilize patella and help align it during knee extension

64
Q

what is the adductor hiatus? What passes through?

A

a gap in the adductor Magnus
contents: femoral artery and femoral vein
transition point: become the popliteal artery/vein

65
Q

what is the most medial muscle of the thigh

A

gracilis

66
Q

what muscles are involved in the pes anserine

A

gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus

function: provides stability and medial support to the knee

67
Q

what/where is the femoral triangle?

A

subfascial space located in the anterior thigh, inferior to the inguinal ligament

68
Q

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

superior: inguinal ligament
medial: adductor longus
lateral: sartorius
floor: iliopsoas (lateral) and pectinous (medial)
roof: fascia lata

femoral ring= base of the triangle

69
Q

what are the contents of the femoral triangle

A

mnemonic: NAVEL
femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
empty space (femoral canal)
lymphatics

70
Q

where is the retroinguinal space

A

deep to the inguinal ligament, runs in the femoral triangle

71
Q

what are the 2 compartments of the retroinguinal space

A

lateral (muscular compartment): iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve

medial (vascular) compartment: femoral artery, femoral vein, and deep inguinal lymph nodes

72
Q

what passes through the femoral canal?

A

lymphatic vessels
allows for expansion of the femoral vein

73
Q

what is the adductor canal

A

fascial tunnel located in the middle third of the thigh
extends from apex of the femoral triangle to adductor hiatus

74
Q

what structures run through the adductor canal

A

femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve) and nerve to vastus medialis

75
Q

what is the femoral sheath and what does it enclose?

A

funnel shaped fascial tube (3-4 cm); encloses proximal parts of the femoral vessels–> create the femoral canal medial to it

encloses: femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral canal

**doesnt enclose the femoral nerve

76
Q

if you palpate the femoral pulse in the femoral triangle, where is the vein and nerve located?

A

femoral vein: located medial to the femoral artery
femoral nerve: located lateral to the femoral artery; outside the femoral sheath

77
Q

where do the femoral, profunda femoris, and great saphenous vein converge?

A

femoral triangle

78
Q

what is the boundary of the greater sciatic foramen

A

sacrospinous ligament and pelvic bone

79
Q

what is the boundary of the lesser sciatic foramen

A

sacrotuberous ligament and ischial spine

80
Q

what bursa is the clinically most important bursa?

A

trochanteric bursa

between the gluteus max. and greater trochanter of the femur

81
Q

why isn’t the short head of the biceps not considered a hamstring

A

doesnt cross the hip joint so doesnt act on the hip

Physiology (3 decks)

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