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Dave > Lower Airways > Flashcards

Lower Airways Flashcards

1
Q

Central airways (cartilage content, generations, structures)

A
  1. Cartilagenous
  2. Generations 0-9 or 10
  3. Trachea, multiple generations of bronchi
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2
Q

Peripheral airways (cartilage content, generations, structures)

A
  1. Non-cartilagenous
  2. Starts @ approx. generations 10 or 11
  3. Bronchioles
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3
Q

Trachea generation

A

generation 0

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4
Q

Trachea diameter & length

A

2.5 cm and 9-15 cm

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5
Q

Trachea begins at ____ and extends to ___

A

C6, T5

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6
Q

Tracheal cartilage amount, shape, stability:

A

8-20, C-shaped, rigid

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7
Q

What joins the posterior ends of the tracheal cartilages?

A

Trachealis muscle

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8
Q

Where is the transition from intra/extrathoracic?

A

Approx. 6th tracheal cartilage

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9
Q

Tracheal epithelial lining:

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

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10
Q

Thyroid gland lies:

A

anterior to the 2nd-4th tracheal ring

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11
Q

The trachea has lots of:

A

goblet cells

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12
Q

Mainstem (Primary) bronchi generation

A

generation 1

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13
Q

What is the last of the extrapulmonary airways?

A

mainstem bronchi

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14
Q

The right mainstem is (3 things) than the left mainstem

A
  1. shorter
  2. wider
  3. more vertical
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15
Q

The right mainstem is _____° from midline

A

20-30°

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16
Q

The left mainstem is _____° from midline

A

40-55°

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17
Q

Lung parenchyma

A

Essential supportive tissues composing the lung. Elastic fibers surround and attach to airways, have recoil and tethering properties

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18
Q

Where is the transition from extrapulmonary to intrapulmonary?

A

Point where the mainstem bronchi penetrate the lung tissue, leaving the hilum

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19
Q

Where is the transition from extrathoracic to intrathoracic?

A

Approx. @ the 6th tracheal cartilage

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20
Q

Is the extrathoracic region influenced by intrathoracic pressures?

A

no

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21
Q

Lobar (Secondary) bronchi generation

A

generation 2

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22
Q

Where is the beginning of the intrapulmonary airways?

A

Lobar bronchi

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23
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there? (be specific)

A

5 - One for each lobe.
R = 3
L = 2

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24
Q

Where does cartilage become more sparse?

A

lobar bronchi

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25
Q

Describe the cartilage shape and positioning in the lobar bronchi

A

complete rings

irregular and discontinuous as branches

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26
Q

Segmental (Tertiary) bronchi generation

A

generation 3

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27
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there per lung?

A 
R = 10
L = 8
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28
Q

Subsegmental bronchi generation

A

generation 4

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29
Q

Diameter of subsegmental bronchi

A

0.5 cm

30
Q

Diameter of small bronchi

A

0.4 cm

31
Q

Small bronchi generation

A

generations 5-10

32
Q

Small bronchi histology

A

cartilage still a component; pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

33
Q

Bronchiole diameter

A

0.1 cm

34
Q

Are bronchioles central or peripheral airways?

A

peripheral

35
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

no

36
Q

Patency of bronchioles is determined by: (3)

A
  1. contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle
  2. surrounding alveolar/interstitial/pleural pressures
  3. retractile forces of lung’s elastic tissue
37
Q

Primary/Secondary bronchioles generation

A

generation approx. 11-13

38
Q

Primary/Secondary bronchioles diameter

A

≤ 1 mm

39
Q

Primary/Secondary bronchioles histology (3)

A

smooth muscle, cilia, goblet cells

40
Q

Terminal bronchioles generation

A

generation approx 14-15

41
Q

Terminal bronchioles diameter

A

≤ 0.5 mm

42
Q

What is the last area of the conducting/deadspace airways?

A

terminal bronchioles

43
Q

terminal bronchioles histology (4)

A

smooth muscle, cilia, cuboidal cells, Canals of Lambert

44
Q

Purpose of Canals of Lambert

A

to provide collateral air circulation if the bronchiole becomes plugged&raquo_space; affected acinus receives ventilation from neighboring airways and alveoli

45
Q

The small airways contribute for ____% of total Raw

A

10-20

46
Q

Velocity of airflow ______ as air approaches alveoli, creating a ______ resistance

A

decreases, lower

47
Q

The respiratory mucosa consists of: (4)

A
  1. mucus blanket
  2. epithelial cells (PCC)
  3. basement membrane
  4. lamina propria
48
Q

The lamina propria consists of: (6)

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. elastic fibers (connective tissue)
  3. blood vessels
  4. parasympathetic nerves
  5. lymphatics
  6. mast cells
49
Q

How much mucus is produced per day?

A

100 mL

50
Q

The mucus is made up of (%): (2)

A

95% water

5% solute

51
Q

The mucus blanket consists of: (3)

A
  1. gel layer
  2. sol layer
  3. cilia
52
Q

How many cilia are there per cell, and how often do they beat?

A

250 cilia per cell

1300 beats/min

53
Q

What is the purpose of the mucus blanket?

A

to protect underlying tissues/cells from dehydration and toxic materials/microorganisms

54
Q

Abnormal mucociliary escalator due to: (9)

A
  1. disease
  2. water loss
  3. ciliary dyskinesia
  4. smoking
  5. hypoxia
  6. suction
  7. high FiO2
  8. mechanical ventilation
  9. parasympathetic nerve stimulation
55
Q

What regulates water movement into the airway lumen?

A

Cl- via osmosis

56
Q

How do B2 agonists increase mucociliary clearance?

A

B2 agonists increase Cl- secretion into mucus

57
Q

Do primary/secondary bronchioles have goblet cells?

A

yes

58
Q

Do terminal bronchioles have goblet cells?

A

no

59
Q

Parasympathetic nerves in the lamina propria innervate: (3)

A
  1. mast cells
  2. smooth muscle
  3. mucus glands
60
Q

What are the main type of ANS nerve fibers in the large central airways?

A

parasympathetic nerves

61
Q

Parasympathetic nerve stimulation results in: (3)

A
  1. smooth muscle contraction
  2. increased mucus production
  3. mast cell degranulation
62
Q

Effects of mast cell degranulation: (4)

A
  1. bronchoconstriction
  2. increased mucus production
  3. mucosal edema
  4. increased vascular permeability (eosinophils & neutrophils enter the airway)
63
Q

The submucosa contains: (2)

A
  1. numerous mucus glands

2. cartilage

64
Q

Where are the submucosal mucus glands found?

A

large airways

65
Q

What is a major contributor of mucus?

A

submucosal mucus glands

66
Q

What is the submucosa innervated by?

A

parasympathetic nerves

67
Q

What is the adventitia?

A

connective tissue sheath

68
Q

Where does the adventitia end?

A

at the bronchioles

69
Q

What are eosinophils indicative of?

A

inflammation

70
Q

What are neutrophils indicative of?

A

bacterial infection

71
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

phagocytize bacteria

72
Q

What do mast cells contain?

A

various inflammatory substances

Dave (5 decks)

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