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Medicine Year 2 > Low mood - thoughts and feelings > Flashcards

Low mood - thoughts and feelings Flashcards

1
Q

How to explore the brain?

A
  • genetic studies eg. twin studies, rare variants, genome wide
  • cellular level eg. synaptic function, optogenetics
  • neuroimaging eg. structural, tractography, functional inc. fMRI
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2
Q

Developing ideas about the brain?

A
  1. mind body dualism
  2. localisation
    - Phineas Gage
    - Impact of cerebrovascular events
    - wilder penfield
  3. role of neurotransmitters
  4. neural circuits and functional connectivity
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3
Q

What concepts relate to brain function?

A
  • default mode network
  • auditory network
  • medial and lateral visual network
  • sensorimotor network
  • praecuneus network
  • dorsal visual stream
  • basal ganglia network
  • executive control network
  • visuospatial network
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4
Q

Depression aetiology?

A
  • HPA axis changes
  • functional connectivity changes
  • monoamine hypothesis
  • genetics and epigenetics
  • structural brain changes
  • neuroplasticity and neurogenetics
  • inflammation
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5
Q

What are thoughts and feelings?

A
  • intimately tied up with how we understand ourselves as humans and what it is to be conscious
  • conscious manifestations of underlying neural processes
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6
Q

What are thoughts?

A

conscious counterpart to cognition (neural computations)

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7
Q

What are feelings?

A

conscious counterpart to emotional states (Driven by underlying neurophysiological states)

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8
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapy based on?

A

recognising unhelpful patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours and learning new ways to address these

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9
Q

How to classify emotion?

A
  • set of basic emotions (4-12)

- 2 axis system known as core affect (hedonic/arousal)

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10
Q

What things increase survival? What things decrease survival?

A
  • induce positive emotions = improve survival

- negative emotions = worsen survival

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11
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A
  • function debated

- role in social interaction, social learning, motor mimicry

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12
Q

How is emotion learnt?

A

learnt through reciprocal interaction

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13
Q

What area of the brain do thoughts and feelings take place?

A

-highly folded neocortex (pre-frontal cortex)
-emotions = amygdala and prefrontal cortex
(limbic system)

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14
Q

What area of the brain is responsible for fear and desire?

A
  • amygdala

- ventral striatum

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15
Q

What are the neuron types in each region?

A
  • excitatory neurons (glutamate)

- inhibitory neurons (GABA)

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16
Q

What are synapses modulated by?

A

various other neurotransmitters eg. 5-HT, NA, DA

eg. most antidepressants act via modulation of these neurotransmitters

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17
Q

What does the pre frontal cortex integrate?

A
  • processed sensory info (sensory cortices)
  • memory (hippocampus)
  • emotion (amygdala)
  • behavioural drives (ventral striatum)
18
Q

How does the amygdala act as an emotion generator?

A

passing sensory info about the world (perceptions) and our internal states (interoception) to create the neural substrate of emotions

19
Q

How does the PFC act as an emotion regulator?

A
  • can override emotions generated by the amygdala when appropriate
    eg. remaining under rational conscious control
20
Q

Function of hippocampus?

A

memory

21
Q

Function of sensory cortex?

A

perception

22
Q

Function of hypothalamus?

A

systemic response

23
Q

Function of motor cortex?

A

behavioural

24
Q

What is learning?

A

the way in which our neural representations are updated

eg. motor, sensory, emotions

25
Q

How does learning occur?

A

through neurons firing in temporal association

“cells that fire together wire together”

26
Q

What is the Bayesian brain model?

A

describes brain as hierarchical system of statistical inference consisting of:

  1. top down prediction from higher integrative centres eg. PFC
  2. bottom up evidence generated through perceptual and other cognitive processes eg. sensory cortex, hippocampus, amygdala
27
Q

When is an error signal produced in a Bayesian brain system?

A

if the sensory data we receive differs from our predictions

28
Q

What is key for memory consolidation?

A

sleep

29
Q

Process of memory?

A
  • attention
  • registration
  • short term memory
  • long term memory
  • consolidation
30
Q

What is memory recall and storage biased by?

A

our emotional state

-prior beliefs and behavioural patterns to adapt in based on previous experiences

31
Q

What is pyschosis?

A

people lose some contact with reality

  • perception
  • stimuli salience
  • executive function
32
Q

What are some symptoms of psychosis?

A

-hallucinations
-delusions
(core positive symptoms)
-executive dysfunction
(negative symptoms)

33
Q

What is perception?

A

the way in stimuli received across sensory modalities are processed in order to create neural representations that in turn drive further cognitive and neural processes

34
Q

What are perceptions based upon?

A
  • sparse sensory info we have about the world
  • prior knowledge
  • integration across sensory modalities
35
Q

What do schizophrenic patients show on an EEG?

A
  • reduction or loss of the normal EEG response to a stimuli at 300ms
  • P300 signal is involved in evaluation of sensory input
36
Q

What is attention?

A
  • provides a means of filtering the sensory info we are bombarded with
  • either under conscious (value driven, top down)
  • or unconscious control (stimuli driven, bottom up)
37
Q

What is attention necessary for?

A

to respond to or store sensory info

38
Q

What is a common feature of schizophrenia?

A

impairment of executive functions (mostly localised in prefrontal cortex)
-extent of impairment correlates with functional outcomes

39
Q

Function of dorsolateral PF region?

A
  • working memory (rememebr number)

- reasoning (similarity between objects)

40
Q

Function of ventromedial PF region?

A
  • motivation (enjoy activities they used to)

- social skills (follow social rules)

41
Q

Function of medial PF region?

A
  • attention (irrelevant sounds distract)

- predictive planning (routine activity)

42
Q

What is dysconnectivity?

A

abnormal relationships between neurons at multiple scales of space and time

Medicine Year 2 (9 decks)

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