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Corn Bread Muffins > low back pain > Flashcards

low back pain Flashcards

1
Q

Vibrio sp.

A

1) V. cholerae
2) V. parahaemolyticus
3) V. vulnificus
4) V. alginolyticus

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2
Q

Most severe Vibrio species..

A

V. cholerae

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3
Q

Differences between new O139 El Tor strain and original.. (3)

A

1) Mutated the O1 antigen
2) New LPS serotype
3) encapsulated

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4
Q

Virulence factors of Vibrio..

A

1) Falgella - mobility/ life cycle
2) Pili - adhere to mucosal
3) Cholera toxin - phage encoded

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5
Q

Vibrio: Cholera toxin causes diarrhea via..

A

Ctx causes transfer of ADP from NAD to activate G-protein coupled receptors - leads to water loss

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6
Q

Importance of adenylate cyclase in Vibrio..

A

Conformational changes of AC disrupt feedback inhibition; cAMP levels increase: can’t absorb sodium – water loss

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7
Q

ETEC has a ___ infectious dose

A

large

acid-sensitive

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8
Q

Common cause of diarrhea in travelers to Mexico

A

ETEC

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9
Q

Colonization factor antigen (cfa) on fimbrae of ETEC helps..

A

adhere to mucosal tissue

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10
Q

ETEC produces two toxins

A

1) heat-labile toxin (LT)

2) Heat-stable toxin (ST)

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11
Q

Which ETEC toxin activates cAMP?

A

heat-labile toxin

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12
Q

Which ETEC toxin activates cGMP?

A

heat-stabile toxin

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13
Q

Which ETEC toxin is similar to Cholerae toxin?

A

heat-labile toxin

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14
Q

Must rule out V. cholerae first because, …

A

V. cholerae is most severe.

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15
Q

Single most important factor in treatment of secretory diarrhea..

A

oral rehydration (mix of sugar and salt)

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16
Q

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) has a _____ infectious dose.

A

large

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17
Q

This pathogen is prevalent in newborns..

A

EPEC

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18
Q

EPEC has an intimate Adherence pattern of colonization..

A

attaching and effacing lesion

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19
Q

3 steps of attaching and effacing lesion (EPEC)

A

1) Bundle forming pilus [overcomes neg charges of epithelial cells]
2) Type 3 secretion of Tir into host epithelial cell [host cell expresses Tir receptor]
3) Tir binds to intimin, creates pedestal

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20
Q

EPEC causes diarrhea via..

A

malabsorption due to microvilli disruptions and tight junction disruptions

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21
Q

This pathogen causes an attaching effacing lesion (intimate adherence pattern of colonization)..

A

EHEC (like EPEC)

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22
Q

EHEC produces a toxin that can lead to..

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome

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23
Q

EHEC’s shiga-like toxin (Vero toxin) attacks..

A

small blood vessels of large intestine

intensified when inflammatory cytokines present

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24
Q

Treatment of EHEC with antibodies is controversial, because..

A

latent period right after medicated; increases in inflammation

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25
Q

Conditions that result from an EHEC infection..

A

1) hemorrhagic colitis

2) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

26
Q

Urinary Tract Infections are more common in women (2), because..

A

1) shorter urethra

2) antimicrobial compounds produced in prostate gland

27
Q

Age affects occurence of UTIs in men, because..

A

Prostate gland produces antimicrobial compounds

28
Q

3 traits of an uncomplicated UTI..

A

1) all normal defense mechanisms intact
2) no recent hospital admissions
3) disease limited to lower urinary tract

29
Q

3 traits of a complicated UTI

A

1) structural abnormality in urinary tract
2) Recently admitted to hospital
3) Disease most likely spread to kidneys

30
Q

Cystitis is..

A

inflammation of the bladder

31
Q

Pyelonephritis is..

A

kidney infection

32
Q

Pathogens that cause uncomplicated UTI (6)..

A

1) E. coli
2) P. mirabilis
3) Other Enterobacteriaceae
4) S. Saprophyticus
5) Streptococci
6) Chlamydiae

33
Q

Most common bacterial pathogen that causes uncomplicated UTI..

A

E. coli

34
Q

Most common bacterial pathogen(s) that cause complicated UTI..

A

P. aeruginosa

35
Q

Natural “barrier” defenses in urinary tract..

A

1) Voidance of bladder
2) Peristalsis
3) Mucous Layer
4) Normal Microbiota (Lactobacillus sp.)
5) Low pH

36
Q

How does UPEC adhere to urinary tract tissue..

A

fimbriae

37
Q

Which UPEC adhesin is associated with cystitis..

A

antigen FimH

38
Q

Which UPEC adhesin is associated with pyelonephritis..

A

P fimbriae

39
Q

UPEC produce aerobactin & hemolysin, which..

A

lyse host cells (aerobactin sequester Fe), causing kidney infections

40
Q

Proteus mirabilis virulence factors (5)..

A

1) Flagella
2) Adhesin on fimbriae
3) Hemolysins
4) IgA protease - interferes with IgA antibody fxn
5) Urease- leads to kidney stones thru higher pH

41
Q

Most important virulence factor of P. mirabilis..

A

Urease

Bacteria grow better in less acidic environment; toxic to retinal cells

42
Q

UTIs diagnosed via..

A

bacterial count in urine

43
Q

Antibiotics prescribed in an asymptomatic individual when..

A

bacteriuria greater or equal to 1000000 CFU/ml

Pregnant Females

44
Q

Antibiotic prescribed in a symptomatic individual..

A

bacteriuria greater or equal to 1000 (with pyuria)

45
Q

Type of pili necessary for adhesion to urinary tract epithelial cells in K. pneumoniae..

A

Type I

46
Q

Type of pili necessary for adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells in K. pneumoniae..

A

Type III

47
Q

K. pneumoniae produces an enterotoxin similar to ST and LT, so causes..

A

watery diarrhea

48
Q

aerobactin in K. pneumoniae acts as..

A

an iron sequestering protein

49
Q

Capsule of K. pneumoniae inhibits..

A

macrophages to engulf microbe (most important virulence factor)

50
Q

P. mirabilis can be ID/diagnosed (2) via..

A

1) consistently alkaline urine

2) Production of urease

51
Q

“slow pathogen” –in relation to H. pylori– measn..

A

it causes chronic infection

52
Q

H. pylori colonizes..

A

mucous overlying mucous secreting cells of stomach

53
Q

Diseases caused by H. pylori..

A

1) Peptic ulcer disease
2) Chronic superficial gastritis
3) Lymphoproliferative disease
4) Chronic atrophic gastritis

54
Q

All H. pylori diseases are preceded by development of..

A

chronic superficial gastritis

55
Q

H. pylori produce urease..

A

produces alkaline local environment, protects microbe from gastric acid

56
Q

Cytotoxin of H. pylori associated with..

A

peptic ulcer disease

induces vacuolation and apoptosis of epi cells

57
Q

H. pylori downregulate somatostatin-producing D-cells, which inhibits..

A

gastric acid production

58
Q

In development of H. pylori mediated carcinogenesis, gastrin production..

A

increases cell proliferation (increase in mutations)

59
Q

Enhanced inflammatory response from H. pylori leads to ________, which leads to ________, which can ultimately lead to carcinogenesis

A

1) epi cell damage

2) atrophic gastritis

60
Q

atrophic gastritis is..

A

chronic inflammation of the stomach, which leads to the replacement of glandular tissue by fibrotic tissue

Corn Bread Muffins (4 decks)

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