low back pain

Question 1

Vibrio sp.

Answer 1

1) V. cholerae
2) V. parahaemolyticus
3) V. vulnificus
4) V. alginolyticus

Question 2

Most severe Vibrio species..

Answer 2

V. cholerae

Question 3

Differences between new O139 El Tor strain and original.. (3)

Answer 3

1) Mutated the O1 antigen
2) New LPS serotype
3) encapsulated

Question 4

Virulence factors of Vibrio..

Answer 4

1) Falgella - mobility/ life cycle
2) Pili - adhere to mucosal
3) Cholera toxin - phage encoded

Question 5

Vibrio: Cholera toxin causes diarrhea via..

Answer 5

Ctx causes transfer of ADP from NAD to activate G-protein coupled receptors - leads to water loss

Question 6

Importance of adenylate cyclase in Vibrio..

Answer 6

Conformational changes of AC disrupt feedback inhibition; cAMP levels increase: can’t absorb sodium – water loss

Question 7

ETEC has a ___ infectious dose

Answer 7

large

acid-sensitive

Question 8

Common cause of diarrhea in travelers to Mexico

Answer 8

ETEC

Question 9

Colonization factor antigen (cfa) on fimbrae of ETEC helps..

Answer 9

adhere to mucosal tissue

Question 10

ETEC produces two toxins

Answer 10

1) heat-labile toxin (LT)

2) Heat-stable toxin (ST)

Question 11

Which ETEC toxin activates cAMP?

Answer 11

heat-labile toxin

Question 12

Which ETEC toxin activates cGMP?

Answer 12

heat-stabile toxin

Question 13

Which ETEC toxin is similar to Cholerae toxin?

Answer 13

heat-labile toxin

Question 14

Must rule out V. cholerae first because, …

Answer 14

V. cholerae is most severe.

Question 15

Single most important factor in treatment of secretory diarrhea..

Answer 15

oral rehydration (mix of sugar and salt)

Question 16

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) has a _____ infectious dose.

Answer 16

large

Question 17

This pathogen is prevalent in newborns..

Answer 17

EPEC

Question 18

EPEC has an intimate Adherence pattern of colonization..

Answer 18

attaching and effacing lesion

Question 19

3 steps of attaching and effacing lesion (EPEC)

Answer 19

1) Bundle forming pilus [overcomes neg charges of epithelial cells]
2) Type 3 secretion of Tir into host epithelial cell [host cell expresses Tir receptor]
3) Tir binds to intimin, creates pedestal

Question 20

EPEC causes diarrhea via..

Answer 20

malabsorption due to microvilli disruptions and tight junction disruptions

Question 21

This pathogen causes an attaching effacing lesion (intimate adherence pattern of colonization)..

Answer 21

EHEC (like EPEC)

Question 22

EHEC produces a toxin that can lead to..

Answer 22

hemolytic uremic syndrome

Question 23

EHEC’s shiga-like toxin (Vero toxin) attacks..

Answer 23

small blood vessels of large intestine

intensified when inflammatory cytokines present

Question 24

Treatment of EHEC with antibodies is controversial, because..

Answer 24

latent period right after medicated; increases in inflammation

Question 25

Conditions that result from an EHEC infection..

Answer 25

1) hemorrhagic colitis | 2) hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

Question 26

Urinary Tract Infections are more common in women (2), because..

Answer 26

1) shorter urethra | 2) antimicrobial compounds produced in prostate gland

Question 27

Age affects occurence of UTIs in men, because..

Answer 27

Prostate gland produces antimicrobial compounds

Question 28

3 traits of an uncomplicated UTI..

Answer 28

1) all normal defense mechanisms intact 2) no recent hospital admissions 3) disease limited to lower urinary tract

Question 29

3 traits of a complicated UTI

Answer 29

1) structural abnormality in urinary tract 2) Recently admitted to hospital 3) Disease most likely spread to kidneys

Question 30

Cystitis is..

Answer 30

inflammation of the bladder

Question 31

Pyelonephritis is..

Answer 31

kidney infection

Question 32

Pathogens that cause uncomplicated UTI (6)..

Answer 32

1) E. coli 2) P. mirabilis 3) Other Enterobacteriaceae 4) S. Saprophyticus 5) Streptococci 6) Chlamydiae

Question 33

Most common bacterial pathogen that causes uncomplicated UTI..

Answer 33

E. coli

Question 34

Most common bacterial pathogen(s) that cause complicated UTI..

Answer 34

P. aeruginosa

Question 35

Natural "barrier" defenses in urinary tract..

Answer 35

1) Voidance of bladder 2) Peristalsis 3) Mucous Layer 4) Normal Microbiota (Lactobacillus sp.) 5) Low pH

Question 36

How does UPEC adhere to urinary tract tissue..

Answer 36

fimbriae

Question 37

Which UPEC adhesin is associated with cystitis..

Answer 37

antigen FimH

Question 38

Which UPEC adhesin is associated with pyelonephritis..

Answer 38

P fimbriae

Question 39

UPEC produce aerobactin & hemolysin, which..

Answer 39

lyse host cells (aerobactin sequester Fe), causing kidney infections

Question 40

Proteus mirabilis virulence factors (5)..

Answer 40

1) Flagella 2) Adhesin on fimbriae 3) Hemolysins 4) IgA protease - interferes with IgA antibody fxn 5) Urease- leads to kidney stones thru higher pH

Question 41

Most important virulence factor of P. mirabilis..

Answer 41

Urease Bacteria grow better in less acidic environment; toxic to retinal cells

Question 42

UTIs diagnosed via..

Answer 42

bacterial count in urine

Question 43

Antibiotics prescribed in an asymptomatic individual when..

Answer 43

bacteriuria greater or equal to 1000000 CFU/ml | Pregnant Females

Question 44

Antibiotic prescribed in a symptomatic individual..

Answer 44

bacteriuria greater or equal to 1000 (with pyuria)

Question 45

Type of pili necessary for adhesion to urinary tract epithelial cells in K. pneumoniae..

Answer 45

Type I

Question 46

Type of pili necessary for adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells in K. pneumoniae..

Answer 46

Type III

Question 47

K. pneumoniae produces an enterotoxin similar to ST and LT, so causes..

Answer 47

watery diarrhea

Question 48

aerobactin in K. pneumoniae acts as..

Answer 48

an iron sequestering protein

Question 49

Capsule of K. pneumoniae inhibits..

Answer 49

macrophages to engulf microbe (most important virulence factor)

Question 50

P. mirabilis can be ID/diagnosed (2) via..

Answer 50

1) consistently alkaline urine | 2) Production of urease

Question 51

"slow pathogen" --in relation to H. pylori-- measn..

Answer 51

it causes chronic infection

Question 52

H. pylori colonizes..

Answer 52

mucous overlying mucous secreting cells of stomach

Question 53

Diseases caused by H. pylori..

Answer 53

1) Peptic ulcer disease 2) Chronic superficial gastritis 3) Lymphoproliferative disease 4) Chronic atrophic gastritis

Question 54

All H. pylori diseases are preceded by development of..

Answer 54

chronic superficial gastritis

Question 55

H. pylori produce urease..

Answer 55

produces alkaline local environment, protects microbe from gastric acid

Question 56

Cytotoxin of H. pylori associated with..

Answer 56

peptic ulcer disease | induces vacuolation and apoptosis of epi cells

Question 57

H. pylori downregulate somatostatin-producing D-cells, which inhibits..

Answer 57

gastric acid production

Question 58

In development of H. pylori mediated carcinogenesis, gastrin production..

Answer 58

increases cell proliferation (increase in mutations)

Question 59

Enhanced inflammatory response from H. pylori leads to ________, which leads to ________, which can ultimately lead to carcinogenesis

Answer 59

1) epi cell damage | 2) atrophic gastritis

Question 60

atrophic gastritis is..

Answer 60

chronic inflammation of the stomach, which leads to the replacement of glandular tissue by fibrotic tissue