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Modern British History A-Level > Lord Liverpool and his Opponents > Flashcards

Lord Liverpool and his Opponents Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Liverpool he planned to do in office?

A

‘endeavoured to make the principles of Mr Pitt chief guide of our politics conduct’

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2
Q

When did Liverpool’s government introduce the corn laws ?

A

1815

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3
Q

What did the corn laws do?

A

Excluded foreign grain corn until British corn reached 80s

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4
Q

What was national debt in 1793?

A

£238m

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5
Q

What was the national debt in 1816?

A

£902m

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6
Q

How much of gov. spending went to interest charges on the National Debt between 1816 and 1820?

A

£32 million per year (80% of gov.spending)

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7
Q

When was income tax repealed ?

A

1816

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8
Q

What did Liverpool do to the defense budget to reduce spending?

A

Decreased it by £340,000

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9
Q

How much did Liverpool reduce government salaries by?

A

10%

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10
Q

By what time did Liverpool’s government have a balanced budget?

A

1818

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11
Q

When was the Bullion committee established ?

A

1819

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12
Q

When did the Bullion Committee recommend returning to gold standard by?

A

1823 (in reality back by 1821)

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13
Q

When was the select committee of government finance established ?

A

1819

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14
Q

What did Liverpool say in terms of what kind of trade he wanted Britain to have?

A

‘unrestricted freedom of trade’

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15
Q

When did Liverpool suspend Habeas Corpus?

A

1817

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16
Q

When was machine breaking made a hanging offence ?

A

1812

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17
Q

Figures of death sentences given out 1811-1819

A

359 per year to 1206 per year

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18
Q

Figure of executions 1811-1819

A

45 to 108

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19
Q

When was the seditious meetings act repealed?

A

1824

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20
Q

What does Evans say to legitimise the revolutionary threat ?

A

‘An assassin’s bullet needs to hit the intended target only once’

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21
Q

How many troops did the government station in industrial areas in response to Luddism?

A

12,000

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22
Q

What did Southey call the period 1815-1820?

A

A period of ‘wretchedness, disaffection and political insecurity’

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23
Q

How many soldiers were demobilised at the end of the war?

A

300,000

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24
Q

When was the poor law made?

A

1601

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25
Q

What did Disraeli call Liverpool and his cabinet?

A

‘the Arch-Mediocrity who presided, rather than ruled, over this Cabinet of Mediocrities’

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26
Q

How did Gash describe Liverpool ?

A

‘even tempered’

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27
Q

Which Grenvillite did Liverpool promote to the cabinet ?

A

Charles Wynn

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28
Q

What was Charles Wynn’s position?

A

President of the Board of Control

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29
Q

When did Charles Wynn become president if the Board of Control?

A

1822

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30
Q

Which Prime Minister’s assassination led to Liverpool becoming Prime Minister ?

A

Perceval

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31
Q

What did the Secret committee say in February 1817?

A

The current ‘distress’ of the labouring classes has been used by dangerous radicals to attempt ‘a total other throw of all existing establishments’

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32
Q

What did Cobbet say?

A

‘I defy you to agitate a man with a full stomach’

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33
Q

What was liberal Toryism?

A

The name given to the second shorter half of Liverpool’s administration after 6 of the 13 cabinet positions were changed

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34
Q

What did Evans say about why Liberal Toryism should be treated with caution?

A

‘It is seductive, but misleading, to see the suicide of Castleraugh and the resignations of Sidmouyh and Vansjttarr as initiating a new more enlightened form of story government’

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35
Q

3 main points on why Liberal Toryism should be treated with caution

A

1) no conversion
2) remain anti-parliamentary reform
3) continuity

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36
Q

What motivated the cabinet changes in 1822-23?

A

1) Sidmouth and Vansittart resigned
2) Castleraugh committed suicide
3) wanted to improve orbital talents (Queen Caroline affair exposed lack of gifted speakers)

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37
Q

Who did Peel replace as Home Secretary in 1822?

A

Sidmouth

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38
Q

What were Peels previous qualifications?

A

1) chaired Bullion Committee

2) Chief Secretary for Ireland during union between GB and Ireland

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39
Q

What happened to Sidmouth after Peel replaces him as Home Secretary in 1822?

A

Became a minister without portfolio until 1825 (remained in cabinet with no responsibilities)

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40
Q

Who did Canning replace as Foreign Secretary?

A

Castlereagh

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41
Q

Evidence of cooperation between Canning and Castelraugh?

A

Strong evidence that Castleraugh had help from Canning on a state paper in May 1820

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42
Q

Who did Robinson replace as Chancellor of the Exchequer?

A

Vansittart

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43
Q

What happens to Vansittart after Robinson replaces him as Chancellor of the Exchequer?

A

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1823-1827)

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44
Q

Evidence for continuity on Board do trade

A

Wallace remains Vice President

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45
Q

What did Huskisson become in Jan 1823?

A

President of the Board of Trade

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46
Q

What did Robinson do?

A

Reduced many taxes (halved the window tax and reduced duties on foreign imports)

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47
Q

What did the Trade Reciprocity act of 1823 do?

A

Set the Maximum duty on imports at 30%

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48
Q

By how much did customs revenue increase between 1821 and 1827 as a result of Robinson and Huskisson’s reforms?

A

64%

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49
Q

How much higher during the 1820s than during the 1800s was the value of British

a) imports
b) exports

A

a) 33%

b) 81%

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50
Q

How much did GNP increase due to the reforms of Robinson and Vansittart?

A

Almost 17%

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51
Q

What difficulties was Peel facing ?

A

1) increase in the population
2) increase in crime rate due rural urban migration
3) poor enforcement of existing laws and penalties

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52
Q

When Peel become Home Secretary how many offences warranted the death penalty ?

A

200 (mainly trivial meaning there was a poor enforcement of existing laws)

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53
Q

When did Peel reduce the number of offences worthy of the death penalty ?

A

1823

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54
Q

When were the consolidating statutes passed ?

A

1826 and 1827

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55
Q

What did the first and second consolidating statutes do ?

A

1) aimed to improve administration of central justice

2) replaced 92 statutes on theft with 5

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56
Q

What percentage of the most common offences did the consolidators acts cover ?

A

80%

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57
Q

What did Peel do to laws relating to criminal offences 1825-1828?

A

Repealed then and replaced them with 8 new laws

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58
Q

When did Peel create the Metropolitan Police for London?

A

1829

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59
Q

When was the Banking crisis under Liverpool?

A

1825

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60
Q

Who founded the Catholic Association on 1825?

A

O’Conell

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61
Q

When was the Catholic Association formed?

A

1823

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62
Q

What were the dates of Liverpool’s time in office?

A

1812-1827

63
Q

what instability proceeded Liverpool?

A

6 ministries in 12 years

64
Q

what instability followed Liverpool?

A

4 ministries in 3 years

65
Q

what did Boyd Hilton say the 5 years after Liverpool’s death were like?

A

‘The next five years [after Liverpool’s death] were characterised by ideological confrontation and political confusion’

66
Q

why was Liverpool so conservative?

A

1) memories of 1789 remained vivid
2) he had witnessed the storming of the Bastille aged 19
3) his predecessor (Perceval) had been assassinated

67
Q

what did Liverpool’s gentle and conciliatory personality allow?

A

allowed him to hold together headstrong colleagues such as Liverpool and Canning

68
Q

when Liverpool became Prime Minister in 1812 what experience did he have?

A

1) Foreign Secretary 1801-3 (under Addington)
2) Home Secretary 1804-6 (under Pitt), and 1807-9 (under Portland)
3) Secretary for War and Colonies 1809-12 (under Perceval)

69
Q

how did Liverpool deal with Catholic Emancipation?

A

left in an open question in government as he knew how divisive the issue was

70
Q

what happened when Wellington passed Catholic Emancipation in 1829?

A

the Tory Party split into three feuding factions:

  1. supporters of Wellington and Peel
  2. the ‘Ultras’
  3. the Huskissonite liberals
71
Q

Catholic Empancipation was passed when and by who?

A

1829 by Wellington

72
Q

what was the period after the war like?

A

a period of ‘drift and confusion’

73
Q

between 1814 and 1816 what happened to the UK’s overseas trade?

A

the volume of the UK’s overseas trade fell by one third (due to Continental System since 1806)

74
Q

how many people were unemployed in the London district of Spitalfields alone after the war?

A

over 20,000

75
Q

what industries were particularly hard hit in the post-war depression?

A

those which had been in high demand during the war (e.g. iron industry in the Midlands and shipbuilding in the North-East)

76
Q

what did the 1810s see?

A

the highest average price of wheat in the nineteenth century

77
Q

why did Liverpool impose the Corn Laws in 1815?

A

1) to provide a strong incentive to domestic producers and ensure a steady supply of wheat at a stable price
2) Low bread prices would have depressed wages, causing distress in countryside
3) MPs predominantly land owners so pressured Liverpool

78
Q

why did people criticise the Corn Laws in 1815?

A

1) protesters believes that the interests of consumers were being sacrificed to those of landowners
2) Fear that high bread prices would keep wages high, threatening trade due to high labour costs making British exports less competitive

79
Q

what measures did Liverpool implement to reduce gov. spending?

A

1) defence budget decreased by £340,000
2) gov. salaries reduced by 10%
3) cut government departments

80
Q

Liverpool quote on returning to the gold standard

A

‘no country in the world had ever established a currency without a fixed standard of value’

81
Q

what was significant about the budget of 1819?

A

balanced budget restored confidence

82
Q

when did the Luddite outbreaks begin?

A

1811

83
Q

what were wheat prices in 1812 and why?

A

due to a severe drought 126 shillings a quarter (highest price in the period 1783-1900)

84
Q

when did Henry ‘Orator’ Hunt hold a meeting calling for parliamentary reform?

A

November 1816

85
Q

how many people attended Hunt’s meeting in November 1816?

A

10,000

86
Q

what happened to the meeting held by Hunt in November 1816?

A

hijacked by Thomas Spence who engaged some crows members to march on the Tower of London

87
Q

when was the march of the blanketeers?

A

March 1817

88
Q

who orchestrated the march of the blanketeers?

A

John Johnson (Hampden Club ‘missionary’) and Salford Tailor

89
Q

what was the march of the blanketeers protesting?

A

the hardships of the handloom weavers in the northwest of England

90
Q

what happened to the march of the blanketeers?

A

Broken up by troops at Stockport (7 miles from the start) and Johnson and fellow organisers were arrested

91
Q

when was the Derbyshire rising?

A

June 1817

92
Q

who participated in the Derbyshire uprising?

A

300 iron workers and stocking makers from northeast Derbyshire

93
Q

what happened to the Derbyshire uprising?

A

1) infiltrated by ‘Oliver the spy’ and its plans were betrayed
2) 45 men were arrested and 3 leaders executed

94
Q

when was Peterloo

A

16th August 1819

95
Q

how many people were present at Peterloo?

A

50,000-60,000 had gathered on St Peter’s field to hear Hunt speak

96
Q

how many troops were assembled at Peterloo?

A

over a thousand

97
Q

what triggered the deaths at Peterloo?

A

the order to arrest Hunt which was subsequently resisted by the crowds

98
Q

how many people died and were wounded at Peterloo?

A

11-17 people were killed and 400 wounded in the struggle

99
Q

what did the martyrs at Peterloo become?

A

vital propaganda tools for radicals (e.g. black edged editions of the radical press paid homage to the deceased)

100
Q

what triggered the Cato Street Conspiracy?

A

Government spy George Edwards encouraged a group of radicals to plan to murder the cabinet as it assembled for dinner in Grosvenor Square

101
Q

when did the Cato Street Conspiracy plan to murder the cabinet?

A

23rd February 1820

102
Q

what did the radicals involved in the Cato Street Conspiracy plan to do after murdering the cabinet?

A

‘Committee of two hundred’ planned to launch a nationwide rebellion

103
Q

what happened to the leaders of the Cato Street Conspiracy?

A

1 killed in struggle, 5 transported for life, 4 hanged and Thistlewood was hanged and beheaded in May 1820

104
Q

what was the Queen Caroline Affair in terms of the radical movement as a whole?

A

the last throw of the radical die

105
Q

when was the Queen Caroline affair started?

A

June 1820

106
Q

what happened in the Queen Caroline affair?

A

1) In June George IV’s estranged wife, Caroline, returned to England in order to claim her right to be Queen
2) George persuaded Liverpool to introduce a bill to end the marriage in order to prevent this
3) Liverpool withdrew the bill in November 1820 as it only passed by 9 votes in the House of Lords

107
Q

what did Caroline say?

A

‘All classes will ever find in me a sincere friend to their liberties and a zealous advocate of their rights’

108
Q

what pension did Caroline

a) refuse
b) accept in March 1821

A

a) £350,000

b) £500,000

109
Q

what did Caroline’s acceptance of a pension of £500,000 in March 1821 do?

A

deprived her of the moral high ground and caused radical support for her to fizzle out

110
Q

when and by whom were the Hampden Clubs formed?

A

1812 by Cartwright alongside other radical agitators

111
Q

where were Hampden Clubs established?

A

predominantly in the north of England (e.g. Manchester, Middleton, Stockport)

112
Q

evidence of the Hampden Clubs’ popularity

A

1) large number of regular attendees (e.g. 300 in Birmingham)
2) 50,000 people are reported to have attended the Spa Fields meeting in 1819
3) BUT in the end clubs depended on the working class distress fuelled by trade slumps

113
Q

details of Cobbet’s radical newspaper

A

The Political Register (1802) had a circulation of 40,000

114
Q

evidence of the fragmented nature of the radical movement as a whole being showcased through the radical press

A

1) Leeds Mercury advocated extending the right to vote only to direct tax payers
2) Sheffield independent appealed for changes in economic policy and freer trade

115
Q

what loyalist journals were launched during the Queen Caroline Affair?

A

The British Freeholder and True Blue

116
Q

what did Percy Shelley’s poem ‘England in 1819’ reference?

A

‘leaders who neither see not feel nor know’

117
Q

when did Liverpool revive Pitt’s Gagging Acts of 1795?

A

December 1816

118
Q

when did Liverpool establish a ‘secret committee’?

A

1817

119
Q

what was the statement made by the ‘secret committee’ in February 1817?

A

the current ‘distress’ of the labouring and manufacturing classes had been used by dangerous radicals to attempt ‘a total other throw of all existing establishments’

120
Q

when did LIverpool introduce the Six Acts?

A

1819 after the Peterloo massacre

121
Q

how long did the Six Acts last?

A

only a year

122
Q

what were the Six Acts?

A

1) training prevention act
2) seizure of arms act
3) seditious meetings act
4) misdemeanours act
5) blasphemous and seditious libels act
6) newspaper and stamp duties act

123
Q

what did the training prevention act do?

A

made any person attending a gathering for the purpose of training or drilling liable to arrest (culprits could be transported for 7 years)

124
Q

what did the seizure of arms act do?

A

gave power to local magistrates to search any property or person for weapons

125
Q

what did the seditious meetings act do?

A

prohibited the holding of public meetings of more than 50 people without the consent of a sheriff or magistrate

126
Q

what did the misdemeanours act do?

A

reduced the delay in bringing those convicted of treasonous acts to trial

127
Q

what did the blasphemous and seditious libels act do?

A

provided much stronger punishments, including banishment for those involved in publishing writing thought to be against the church or state

128
Q

what did the newspaper and stamp duties act do?

A

put a duty on journals and newspapers even if they only contained opinions and not news, hitting low cost radical publications

129
Q

evidence for how the implementation of justice became more severe

A

1) Number of death sentences given out rose from 359 per annum to 1,206 from 1811-19
2) Actual executions increased from 45 to 108 from 1811-19

130
Q

what were the cabinet changes which ushered in the age of Liberal Toryism?

A

1) Peel replaced Sidmouth in 1822
2) Canning replaced Castlereagh in 1821
3) Robinson replaced Vansittart in 1823

131
Q

how old were Sidmouth and Peel when Peel replaced Sidmouth as Home Secretary?

A

Sidmouth was 65 and Peel 34

132
Q

when was the Trade Reciprocity Act implemented and by whom?

A

1823 by Huskisson

133
Q

what did Husskisson so to tariffs on imports?

A

1824-5 Huskisson reduced tariffs and rationalised the whole duty system under 8 headings

134
Q

when was the combinations of workmen act introduced and by whom?

A

1825 by Huskisson

135
Q

what did the Combination of Workmen Act do?

A

strengthen existing laws against criminal conspiracies

136
Q

how much did foreign direct investment increase by during the 1820s?

A

60%

137
Q

evidence for increasing crime rate

A

The number of criminal convictions rose from nearly 30,000 1809-16 to over 63,000 1817-25

138
Q

what did Peel remove the death penalty from in 1823?

A

offences involving 40s worth of property and 200 other trivial crimes (laws were rarely enforced at time)

139
Q

what offences other than murder still continued to carry the death penalties after Peel’s reform in 1823?

A

making counterfeit coins and horse stealing etc.

140
Q

what was the Peel’s aim when reducing the number of events which warranted the death penalty?

A

to ensure that the laws gained more credibility so were shown greater respect (prerogative of mercy to those facing the death sentence should be exercised more sparingly) as opposed to decreasing the number of executions

141
Q

when did Peel introduce the Gaols Act?

A

1823

142
Q

what did the Gaols Act do?

A

required all counties and major towns and cities to maintain a prison, which were to be inspected to ensure equal treatment of prisoners – national policy on prisons

143
Q

when was the Juries Regulation Act introduced?

A

1825

144
Q

what did the Juries Regulation Act do?

A

regulated qualification for jury service to make it uniform throughout England and Wales by rationalising over 80 existing statutes

145
Q

what did Boyd Hilton say Peel wanted to achieve with the Juries Regulation Act?

A

‘citizens to make rational prudential calculations on the disutility of criminal behaviours’

146
Q

when did Peel change Judge’s pay from fees to salaries?

A

1826-8

147
Q

who did the question of Catholic Emancipation divide and unite?

A

1) divided those who agreed on most other issues (e.g. Peel and Huskisson)
2) united foes (e.g. Castlereagh and Canning)

148
Q

what did the anti-reform coalition see an attack on the Church of England as?

A

an ipso facto attack on the state

149
Q

what did the Navigation Acts do?

A

made it cheaper and easier for foreign ships to access British ports

150
Q

what were Canning and Peel’s backgrounds?

A

both not of agriculturalist, landed backgrounds so were more prone to pro-industry policy

151
Q

what did Blake say the Corn Laws were?

A

‘the most naked piece of class legislation in British history’

152
Q

what was the national debt in 1816?

A

£902 million

153
Q

what was the standing force that Liverpool had at his disposal to deal with radicalism?

A

60,000

154
Q

what did Evans describe the Cato Street Conspiracy as?

A

‘a genuinely revolutionary attempt’

Modern British History A-Level (6 decks)

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