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Modern British History A-Level > Britain at War 1793-1815 > Flashcards

Britain at War 1793-1815 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Britain go to war with France (start of revolutionary wars) ?

A

1793

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2
Q

When did the French government offer assistance to revolutionaries everywhere?

A

November 1792

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3
Q

What did Pitt describe France offering assistance to revolutionaries in other countries in 1792 as?

A

‘An act of hostility to all neutral nations’

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4
Q

When was Louis XVI executed?

A

January 1793

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5
Q

What did Pitt describe the execution of Louis XVI as?

A

‘Foulest and most atrocious dead’

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6
Q

When did France defeat the Netherlands?

A

November 1792

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7
Q

Why was French occupation of the Netherlands a problem?

A

1) threat to British commerce due to decision to open the estuary of the River Scheldt to all navigation
2) threat to the United Provinces in the North

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8
Q

How many men were in the Navy by 1801?

A

133,000

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9
Q

How much did Britain provide in subsidies over the course of the two wars 1793-1815?

A

Over £46m

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10
Q

What were subsidies to German states and Sardinia in

a) 1793?
b) 1795?

A

a) £833,000

b) £5.7m

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11
Q

How much money had been dispersed in subsidises by 1801?

A

Over £9m

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12
Q

When was the first coalition formed?

A

1793

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13
Q

Which countries were in the first coalition?

A

Holland, Spain, Austria, Prussia, Piedmont and Britain

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14
Q

Who was Britain’s only ally left by 1796?

A

Austria

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15
Q

When did the Austrians sign a peace treaty with France that gave France most of Italy?

A

1797

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16
Q

What was the peace treaty Austria signed with France in 1797 called?

A

The Treaty of Campo Formio

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17
Q

In 1793 how many ships were in the

a) British Navy?
b) French Navy?

A

a) 661

b) 291

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18
Q

When did Pitt pass the Quotas Act?

A

1795

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19
Q

What did the Quotas act dictate?

A

Required counties and London to provide recruits

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20
Q

When was the Glorious First of June?

A

1794

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21
Q

What happened on the Glorious First of June?

A

Admiral Lord Howe destroyed 22 French ships

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22
Q

When did Nelson destroy the Danish fleet in Copenhagen?

A

1801

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23
Q

Why did Nelson destroy the Danish fleet?

A

To prevent France overcoming its own naval weakness by using ships from another nation

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24
Q

When was the battle of Trafalgar?

A

October 1805

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25
Q

What did Evans say about Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar in 1805?

A

‘Nelson had, in a little under two hours, done more to save the country than any other individual during the French wars’

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26
Q

What was the effect of Trafalgar?

A

It unquestionably established British naval supremacy, rendering a French invasion impossible

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27
Q

How much did Britain lend to Austria in 1795 and why was it wasted?

A

£4.6m and Austria signed a peace treaty with France in 1797

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28
Q

When did Pitt abandon the Gold Standard?

A

1797

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29
Q

When did Pitt introduce the income tax?

A

1799

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30
Q

What did Nelson do at Trafalgar?

A

Destroyed 19 ships in a Franco-Spanish fleet with no English ships lost

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31
Q

What does Evans say about why gov was willing to go to war by mid-November 1792?

A

‘To protect both British commerce and the Dutch’

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32
Q

When did the second coalition form?

A

1798

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33
Q

When was the financial crisis?

A

1797

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34
Q

What does Foster say about the invincibility do the French ?

A

‘France could no more be defeated on land as Britain could at sea’

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35
Q

How many men were in the navy when war broke out ?

A

15,000

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36
Q

How much did the income tax bring in?

A

£6m (though expected to raise £10 m)

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37
Q

How much was income tax expected to bring in?

A

£10m

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38
Q

What did Evans say about income tax?

A

‘The ability if an increasingly prosperous middle class to pay its taxes proceeded to be a critical factor in Britain’s ability to outlast France in what would turn into a war of attrition’

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39
Q

How many French troops were tied down in Spain in 1811?

A

300,000

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40
Q

When did Britain set up a naval blockade on all French-controlled ports?

A

May 1806

41
Q

When did Napoleon introduce the continental system?

A

November 1806

42
Q

What did Napoleon blame his final defeat on ?

A

His ‘Spanish ulcer’

43
Q

How many French losses were there in the Russia campaign?

A

Half a million

44
Q

When was the Battle of Leipzig?

A

1813

45
Q

How many casualties were there in the Battle of Leipzig?

A

110,000

46
Q

How many troops did Britain have in Spain?

A

never more than 60,000

47
Q

What percentage of Britain’s war time expenditure did subsidies account for ?

A

8%

48
Q

When did Napoleon invade Russia?

A

June 1812

49
Q

What does Evans describe Napoleons invasion of Russia as?

A

‘The most spectacular mistake of an extraordinary career’

50
Q

What does Evans say France was ultimately defeated by?

A

‘Sheer weight of numbers’

51
Q

How did Britain help to keep the fourth coalition together?

A

Castlereagh negociated the Treaty of Chaumont with Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1814

52
Q

How many French troops invaded Russia in 1812?

A

650,000

53
Q

What did the Duke of Wellington call the Battle of Waterloo?

A

‘The nearest run thing you ever say in your life’

54
Q

What did the Duke of Wellington say to a fellow officer at the Battle of Waterloo?

A

‘Hard pounding this, gentlemen; let’s see who will pound longest’

55
Q

When did Britain gain Sierrra Leone?

A

1808

56
Q

When did Britain gain Mauritius ?

A

1810

57
Q

When did Britain gain Trinidad?

A

1797

58
Q

When did Britain gain St Lucia?

A

1803

59
Q

Which PMs followed Pitt after his resignation in 1801?

A
  1. Addington
  2. Pitt
  3. Grenville
  4. Portland
  5. Perceval
  6. Liverpool
60
Q

When was Addington PM for?

A

1801 - 1804

61
Q

When was Pitt PM for the second time ?

A

May 1804 - Jan 1806

62
Q

When was Grenville PM for?

A

1806 - 1807

63
Q

When was Portland PM for?

A

1807 - 1809

64
Q

When was Perceval PM for ?

A

1809 - 1812

65
Q

When was Liverpool PM for ?

A

1812 - 1827

66
Q

On what condition did Grenville become PM?

A

On condition that Fox be part of May gov he lead

67
Q

How many MPs were united in opposition to Portland?

A

200 in Foxite-Grenville opposition

68
Q

Why did Perceval stop being PM?

A

He was assassinated by a commercial agent

69
Q

When did George IV start serving as Prince Regent?

A

1811

70
Q

what was the date of the French Revolutionary War?

A

1793-1801

71
Q

What was the date of the Napoleonic War?

A

1803-1815

72
Q

what did the contrasting strengths of the British and French do?

A

dictate a long and debilitating conflict

73
Q

when did France declare itself a republic?

A

1792

74
Q

what did Evans say about the reason for Britain going to war?

A

‘Britain, unlike France, was not launching an ideological war’

75
Q

what did Wells say of Britain’s reasoning for going to war?

A

‘a war against dangerous and radical revolution turned into a war against French domination in Europe’

76
Q

what did the British government agree by mid-November 1792?

A

it was prepared to go to war to protect both British commerce and the Dutch

77
Q

what was the peace treaty after the French Revolutionary war called?

A

the Treaty of Amiens (1802)

78
Q

How long did peace last after the French Revolutionary wars?

A

less than 14 months

79
Q

why did the Napoleonic wars break out?

A

1) French troops continued to occupy Holland and dominate Northern Italy
2) France reoccupied Switzerland and Hanover
3) Napoleon invested in naval reconstruction

80
Q

when did Addington declare war on France?

A

May 1803

81
Q

what was government bottowing in 1793?

A

£4.5 million

82
Q

what was government borrowing in 1797?

A

£44 million

83
Q

what was government debt in 1816?

A

£902 million

84
Q

how much bigger was government debt in 1816 than in 1793?

A

almost 4 times bigger

85
Q

what was total expenditure over the course of the two wars?

A

£672 million

86
Q

when did the Bank of England suspend cash payments?

A

February 1797

87
Q

what did the suspension of cash payments by the Bank of England do?

A

made it impossible for the government to raise new loans

88
Q

how did Pitt respond to the suspension of cash payments in 1797?

A

increases assessed taxes (Triple Assessment Bill) and then introduced income tax

89
Q

what were wheat prices in 1812?

A

126 shillings a quarter

90
Q

what did the Continental system necessitate?

A

Napoleon’s control over the entire coastline of Western Europe (needed to invade Spain and Portugal as British goods still entering through there)

91
Q

how many troops did Napoleon withdraw from Spain when he invaded Russia?

A

27,000

92
Q

what did Evans say on the consequence of Napoleon invading Russia?

A

‘It took purblindness of a high order to create common purpose in a coalition largely comprising autocratic states with separate ambitions and conflicting agendas, but Napoleon managed it after 1812. In doing so, he handed ultimate victory in 1815 to the armies, and the rulers, of the ancien regime’

93
Q

when was the battle of Waterloo?

A

June 1815

94
Q

how much on average did Britain spend on subsidies per year between 1807 and 1811?

A

£2.65 million

95
Q

what did Britain’s naval supremacy make possible?

A

meant that the disruption of European markets could be compensated elsewhere as Britain could sustain transatlantic trade routes (particularly with India)

96
Q

why did Britain capture French colonies?

A

1) to eliminate France as an effective commercial or imperial operator
2) to use as bargaining chips in later negotiations

97
Q

what did a fleet under Sir Charles Grey capture and when?

A

Martinique, Guadeloupe and St Lucia in 1794 (BUT all were back in French hands by 1795)

98
Q

what did Foster say of the Duke of York’s expedition in 1793-4?

A

‘the most lasting outcome of the Duke of York’s expedition to Flanders in 1793-4 was a nursery rhyme!’

99
Q

what does Foster say to praise Pitt?

A

‘At least Pitt resisted the dreamers who argued that Britain could plough its resources into maintaining a direct military assault on Paris’

Modern British History A-Level (6 decks)

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