Looking West

Question 1

Explainhe significance of John Hawkins?

Answer 1

Hawkins was a privateer and a slave trader. There was little difference between privateers and
pirates – both stole and used violence. Queen Elizabeth I wanted to damage Spain and gain wealth
for England so she licensed some of England’s best sailors such as John Hawkins to attack and rob
Spanish ships. Hawkins was knighted in 1588 for his services and leadership against the Spanish Armada. This highlights his significance in defeating the then most established Empire in Europe. He is seen as a pioneer of the triangular trade between England, West Africa and the Caribbean as he inspired others to do the same thing. In 1562 Hawkins led a successful raid on Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa, capturing expensive goods and 300 enslaved Africans. He then smuggled them into the Caribbean to the island of Santa Domingo (now the Dominican Republic), selling them for a huge sum. This is significant as it laid the foundations for the British Slave Trade which benefited the development of the British Empire economically and brought vast wealth through the exploitation and enslavement of Africans. The slave trade would be dominated by the British until it was banned by Parliament in 1807 after an abolition movement that lasted nearly 50 years. The racist ideas that developed as a result of the Slave Trade were embedded through the
Victorian idea of Social Darwinism at the height of the British Empire and still resonate in modern Britain.

Question 2

Who was Sir john Hawkins?

Answer 2

Sailor and a privateer
-Made money from capturing african slaves from portuguese
-set up the west africa company
-helped develop the english navy

Question 3

What is a monopoly license?

Answer 3

A royal licence which gave individuals the sole right to manufacture or sell a product.

Question 4

Describe the development of the British slave trade:

Answer 4

-Britain dominated the transatlantic slave trade in 1672 as the Royal African company was granted a monopoly over supplying enslaved people from west africa to the carribean.
Between 1672 and 1689, over 100k slaves were shipped
-After the RAC lost its monopoly ,number of independent slave traders increased
–Overall the british trafficked nearly 3 million slaves

Question 5

Economic impact of slavery:

Answer 5

-individuals and companies that participated in the slave trade became very wealthy
-People used that wealth to influence parliament and as well as to construct great buildings
-goods from the slave trade created jobs like trade and business e.g sugar and tobacco
-the economy of british cities like bristol and liverpool benefited from the slave trade

Question 6

Which religious group moved to Barbados from Britain?

Answer 6

Quakers to avoid religious persecution

Question 7

Social impacts of slavery:

Answer 7

-Raw materials and new goods changed way of lives for briton
-Slavery led to racial injustice against africans
-Caused divisions in society with the rise of the Abolitionist movement
-Large parts of West Africa were left economically and socially damaged by enslavement of people
-Africas population growth was halved in 1850

Question 8

What were the main crops grown on plantations that used Slave Labour?

Answer 8

Sugar, Tobacco and Rice

Question 9

What were reasons for migration to america?

Answer 9

-Unemployment was high in England.
- Land was expensive to buy in England.
- Failed harvests in England.
- America had vast lands.
- Travel to America cost less than land in England.
- Some wanted to escape religious conflicts across Europ

Question 10

List three impacts that the British colonies had on Native Americans

Answer 10

• Intermarriage
• Raids and massacres killed many.
• European diseases killed many.
• Many Native Americans were displaced from their land.
• Forced to adapt to European customs

Question 11

Who was walter raleigh?

Answer 11

Raleigh was an explorer, who voyaged to the Americas in the 1570’s,
returning with tales of his exciting adventures. He was able to do this due to
the developments in navigation at the time.
Raleigh was a favourite of Queen Elizabeth who granted him permission to
set up a colony- Virginia, in North America
Raleigh was a believer in expansion and developing an overseas empire. He
tried to set up colonies in Roanoke in 1584 which failed, as did another in
1587. However, in 1585 he established the colony of Virginia, named after
the Queen.-Brought the idea of conolialism

Question 12

Record examples of each of the following factors affecting colonisation in North America

Answer 12

War
The lead up to the Civil War in 1641 led to many people migrating to America to escape the
violence and persecution.
Religion
Certain groups such as Puritans, Quakers and Catholics had suffered religious persecution
since the Reformation and some escaped this by migrating to America.
- Government
In 1606 King James gave businessmen permission to sail to Virginia in search of gold and land
for crop growth.
- Ideas
The idea of new land and new opportunities was a factor why many chose to migrate. For
religious groups, America also offered them the opportunity to living according to their own
religious beliefs.
- Individuals
People such as Walter Raleigh voyaged to America in the 1570’s, setting up colonies in the
1580’s.
- Economics
Unemployment in England was quite high and land was extremely expensive. Poor harvests
meant people were struggling for survival.

Question 13

Explain the significance of British migration to America in the development of the British Empire?

Answer 13

Most migrants went to America due to the economic hardships in England but some also migrated
due to religious beliefs, around the time of the Civil War in 1642. Jamestown attracted mostly
economic migrants whereas Plymouth attracted mostly religious migrants. As people began to settle
in America, it became apparent that they would need a labour force to farm the vast amount of
land, leading to many indentured servants migrating to America. Their voyage was paid for them and
they received food and housing in exchange for their labour for a period usually of up to 7 years. As
such, British migration to America was significant as it sparked more waves of migration to America.
Indentured servitude would later be replaced by forced migrants from Africa where the enslaved
were then forced to work the land indefinitely. This would lead to significant economic development
for Britain and start a rapid development of the empire.
The relationship with the Native Americans quickly became hostile, with the competition for crops
leading to many raids and massacres. In 1500 the Native American population stood at 560,000 in
British territories but by 1700 there were fewer than 280,000. European diseases such as smallpox
and measles, British expansion and conflict meant that many Native American tribes were displaced
and had to find new land, or forced to adapt to European customs. Britain gained much of this land.
Significantly, there were now 13 British colonies on the east coast where British trade could now
thrive and contribute greatly to the empire

Question 14

What was the Stamp Act of 1765

Answer 14

First attempt by the British government to directly tax the colonies

Question 14

How much colonies in america did britain have?

Answer 14

13

Question 14

Why did many colonists reject the tax

Answer 14

They demanded no taxation without representation in the british parliament

Question 15

What was the boston tea party?

Answer 15

The Boston Tea Party was a political protest that took place on December 16, 1773, in Boston, Massachusetts. It was a significant event in the buildup to the American Revolution, showcasing the growing anger among American colonists toward British taxation policies and their lack of representation in Parliament. The protest involved American colonists, disguised as Mohawk Indians, who boarded British ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.

Question 15

What was the Boston Massacre

Answer 15

The Boston Massacre was a pivotal event in American history that occurred on March 5, 1770, in Boston, Massachusetts. It involved a confrontation between British soldiers and American colonists that escalated into violence, resulting in the deaths of five colonists. The incident became a powerful symbol of British oppression and fueled anti-British sentiment in the colonies, playing a significant role in the buildup to the American Revolution.

Question 16

What was the name of the treaty that ended the War of Independence?

Answer 16

The Treaty of Paris in 1783

Question 16

What happened to Britain after the loss of America as a colony

Answer 16

It began to be interested in India

Question 17

Explain the significance of the American War of Independence to the British Empire. (8 marks)

Answer 17

The American War of Independence was significant as it marked a major challenge to British
supremacy. The American colonists berated Britain for its tax policies where legislation such as the
Stamp Act of 1765 directly taxed Americans without them having any representation in parliament.
These impediments on American liberties would stoke tensions, leading to protests such as in
Boston in 1770 which ended in 5 colonials being shot dead. This would come to be known as the
Boston Massacre. The 13 colonies declared independence from Britain in 1776, which sparked a
significant conflict that would culminate in Britain losing the 13 colonies.
The British would fight many battles and for many years against the ‘rebels’ and their leader George
Washington and a significant number of Americans still supported Britain in this struggle. The Battle
of Yorktown of 1881 led to the British surrender with the war officially ending in 1873 after the
signing of the Treaty of Paris. This marked the loss of the 13 colonies which had significant financial
implications for Britain, who would start to seek a replacement and turn their attentions to its
interests in India and the far east. However, by 1785, trade between Britain and America had
returned to its pre-war levels. Today, Britain and America still enjoy what we call the ‘special
relationship.

Question 18

Which battle defeated the british

Answer 18

Battle of Yorktown 1781

Question 19

Who are Huguenots

Answer 19

French Protestants who escaped france due to civil wars between 1560-90 who were facing persecution from the majority french catholics.

Question 20

When did prosecution against Huguenots peak?

Answer 20

1572 when tens of thousands of Protestants were killed in the St Bartholomew’s day massacre

Question 21

Where did the Huguenots migrate to

Answer 21

Protestant Britain

Question 22

What happened in 1685 that affected Huguenot migration?

Answer 22

In 1685 the Edict of Nantes(a code establishing religious freedom) was revoked by King Louis XIV meant thousands of Huuenots left for England again.

Question 23

What were the impacts of Huguenots on Britain

Answer 23

-Between 40-50k huguenots settled in England
-Lived in urban areas so had useful skills
-Successful in business,helped to set up the Bank of England in 1694
- Many assimilated
-Were skilled workers

Question 24

What were the Ulster Plantations?

Answer 24

The Ulster Plantations were a colonization process undertaken by the English and Scottish in Ireland, primarily in the province of Ulster, during the early 17th century by King James VI & I. This large-scale settlement was part of a broader policy of plantations imposed by the English Crown to control Ireland and assert English dominance over the Irish population. It had significant and long-lasting effects on Ireland’s society, politics, and culture, particularly in Ulster.

Question 25

Why did the Ulster Plantations happen?

Answer 25

Secure Control: Establish a loyal population in Ulster to prevent further rebellions.
Spread Protestantism: Replace the Catholic Gaelic Irish population with predominantly Protestant settlers from England and Scotland.
Economic Development: Develop agriculture, trade, and infrastructure using English practices.

Question 26

What were the impacts of the Ulster Plantations

Answer 26

-Created a divided community in Ireland to this day
-Became part of the United Kingdom
-In 1622 1000 protestants compared to 4k catholics but now majority protestant

Question 27

What were the Highland clearances?

Answer 27

The Highland Clearances were a series of forced evictions in the Scottish Highlands during the 18th and 19th centuries. Thousands of people were removed from their land to make way for large-scale sheep farming, which landowners found more profitable. This process had a profound impact on Highland society, leading to mass emigration, cultural loss, and significant changes in Scotland’s landscape and economy.

Question 28

What role did the Duke of Sutherland play in the Highland Clearances?

Answer 28

The landowners, such as the Duke of Sutherland, played a significant role in the clearances. The Sutherland estate saw the removal of around 15,000 people between 1811 and 1820.

Question 29

Impacts of highland clearances

Answer 29

-Highlands sparsely populated
-Mass scottish emigration to other British colonies

Question 30

Explain two ways in which the impact of the Huguenots on Britain was similar to the Pilgrim Fathers
on America. (8 marks)

Answer 30

The Huguenots had a major impact on British manufacturing and culture, as a result of migration.
Usually, they relocated to urban areas such as the East End of London, bringing with them
sophisticated methods of production in areas such as silk weaving and paper manufacturing, making
great financial rewards for those who took the risk of migrating. Similarly, the Pilgrim Fathers
exploited the New Worlds economic potential by producing and exporting items such as tobacco.
This resulted in great profits which in turn further increased migration from Britain to America for
those seeking fortune in the New World. Nearly 20,000 settlers came to Massachusetts by 1640.
Both Migrant groups experienced hostility and ill feeling with the indigenous population as a result
of their settlements. The Huguenots were accused of stealing jobs and bringing disease by the
indigenous British population, however in reality they were job creators. The Pilgrim Fathers on the
other hand, experienced hostility and ill feeling from the indigenous American population as
European diseases such as Smallpox and Measles were introduced which killed thousands.
Moreover, the indigenous population were displaced as a result of conflict.
They were massacred and displaced so British migrants could take the land. In 1500 there were approximately 560,000 Native Americans in British territories. By 1700 there were fewer than 280,000