Britain in the twentieth century Flashcards
1
Q
Impact of War on Migration
A
20th Century Influence: Both World Wars and regional wars caused significant migration to Britain.
- Result: Increased diversity and multiculturalism in British society.
2
Q
Religion in 20th Century Britain
A
Britain became increasingly secular after World War II.
- Migration Impact: Influx of migrants led to a more multicultural society with diverse religious beliefs.
3
Q
Government and International Relations
A
- Key Events: Rise of the USSR and the USA forced Britain to reassess its global position.
- EU Membership: Joining the EU sparked debates over sovereignty and control.
4
Q
Nationalism and Liberation Movements**
A
Driving Force: Nationalism fueled independence movements in British colonies.
- Examples: Gold Coast (Ghana) and Kenya sought and achieved independence.
5
Q
Science and Technology
A
Advancements: Development of air travel and improved transport made migration easier.
- Impact: Facilitated movement of people across borders, contributing to global migration trends.
6
Q
Economic Resources and Trade
A
Shift in Focus: Britain transitioned from empire-based trade to focusing on Europe.
- Result: Economic realignment influenced migration patterns and international relations.
7
Q
Key Individuals(e.g)
A
- Kwame Nkrumah: Led Gold Coast (Ghana) to independence.
- Jomo Kenyatta: Led Kenya to independence.
- Claudia Jones: Founded the Notting Hill Carnival, celebrating Caribbean culture in Britain.
8
Q
Mohandas Gandhi
A
Founded the Indian National Congress in 1885 to advocate for Indian rights.
- Developed the concept of satyagraha (non-violent resistance).
Mobilized millions in the struggle for independence.
Pressured the British to leave India.
India gained independence in 1947.
- Legacy: Remembered as the father of the Indian nation and a global symbol of non-violent resistance.
9
Q
Rise of Nationalism in British Colonies
A
- Time Period: Early 20th century.
- Key Feature: Revival of pre-British cultural identity and rise of nationalism.
- Impact: Drove demands for independence across the British Empire.
10
Q
Amritsar Massacre (1919)
A
- Event: British soldiers killed hundreds of Indian protesters.
- Impact: Fueled demands for full independence from British rule.
11
Q
Dominion Status
A
- Granted To: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa by 1914.
- Condition: Self-rule with reduced control from London.
- Exclusion: Not granted to non-white populations due to Social Darwinism beliefs.
12
Q
Impact of World Wars on Britain
A
- Economic Drain: Both World Wars severely drained Britain’s economy.
-
Result: Loss of international power and prestige.
-Millions of colonial soldiers contributed to World Wars. - Demand: Independence as a reward for their service.
- Election: Labour won the 1945 election.
- Focus: Rebuilding Britain through the welfare state, less emphasis on empire.
13
Q
Kwame Nkrumah
A
- Party Founded: Convention People’s Party (CPP) in 1949, more radical than UGCC.
- Imprisonment: Jailed by British authorities but won the 1951 election.
- Achievement:Gold Coast gained independence in 1957 with Nkrumah as leader.
14
Q
Jomo Kenyatta
A
- Role: Elected leader of the Kenya Africa Union in 1947.
- Campaign:Advocated for Kenyan independence.
- Imprisonment: Falsely accused of leading the Mau Mau uprising, jailed in 1961.
- Achievement: Became Kenya’s first prime minister in 1963 after negotiating independence with Britain.
- Legacy: Played a crucial role in Kenya’s transition to independence.
15
Q
Suez Crisis (1956)
A
- Event: Egypt’s President Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal.
- Response: Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt.
- Outcome: Global condemnation forced troop withdrawal; British PM Eden resigned.
- Impact: Humiliation for Britain, loss of international prestige, and a turning point in colonial relations.
16
Q
Post-Suez British Policy
A
- Strategy: Grant independence to stable colonies to maintain ties and counter communism.
- Goal: Develop a Commonwealth of former empire nations.
- Inspiration: Suez Crisis motivated colonies like Gold Coast and Kenya to seek independence
17
Q
Kwame Nkrumah and Gold Coast Independence
A
- Background: Many Ghanaians fought in WWII and felt deserving of independence.
- Action: Nkrumah led peaceful protests, imprisoned but won 1951 election.
- Achievement: Gold Coast became independent Ghana in 1957 with Nkrumah as leader.
18
Q
Mau Mau Rebellion
A
- Cause: Land taken by British settlers; demand for land and freedom.
- Conflict: Eight-year guerrilla war against British and African supporters.
- Impact: Hundreds died, many white settlers left Kenya.
19
Q
Jomo Kenyatta’s Role
A
- Leadership: Head of KAU from 1947, falsely accused of leading Mau Mau.
- Imprisonment: Jailed 1953–61, branded a communist.
- Achievement: Became Kenya’s first prime minister upon independence in 1963.
20
Q
Idi Amin
A
- Position: Declared himself president and military leader of Uganda.
-
Economic War: In 1972, he expelled non-citizen Asians and Europeans, seizing their businesses.
Led to Asian migration to UK
21
Q
Claudia Jones
A
- Campaigns: Led anti-racism campaigns and became a journalist.
- West Indian Gazette: Established the newspaper to address issues affecting the West Indian community.
- Initiative: Started the London Carnival in 1959 in response to racist attacks.
- Legacy: After her death in 1964, it evolved into the Notting Hill Carnival, a major cultural event
22
Q
Empire Windrush (1948)
A
- Event: 492 Caribbean immigrants arrived at Tilbury Docks on 22 June 1948.
- Significance: Marked the beginning of large-scale Caribbean migration to Britain.
23
Q
Caribbean Contribution in WWII
A
- Fact: Over 10,000 Caribbean men fought for Britain in World War II.
- Impact: Strengthened ties between the Caribbean and Britain.
24
Q
Post-War Conditions in the Caribbean
A
- Issue: Devastation from a 1944 hurricane led to widespread poverty and hardship.
- Result: Many sought security and employment opportunities in Britain.
- Opportunity: Viewed migration as a chance for better living conditions.
25
Post-War Labour Shortage in Britain**
- **Sectors Affected:** Healthcare, transport, and building industries.
- **Response:** British government advertised for migrant workers.
26
British Nationality Act (1948)
- **Legislation:** Granted British passports to all Commonwealth citizens.
- **Effect:** Allowed Caribbean migrants to live and work in Britain.
27
Challenges Faced by Caribbean Migrants
- **Issues:** Racism, discrimination, and violence.
- **Example:** Signs like "No Black, No Dogs, No Irish" were common.
28
Race Riots (1958)
- **Locations:** Nottingham and Notting Hill.
- **Perpetrators:** Teddy Boys attacked Afro-Caribbean people.
- **Response:** Inspired Claudia Jones to establish the London Carnival (later Notting Hill Carnival).
29
Bristol Bus Boycott (1963)
-**Leader:** Black activist Paul Stephenson.
- **Outcome:** Led to the introduction of the Race Relations Act in 1965, making some racial discrimination illegal.
30
Brixton Riots (1981)
- **Cause:** Continued oppression, police harassment, and "SUS" laws.
- **Impact:** Highlighted racial tensions and police-community relations
31
Right-Wing Extremism (1970s-1980s)
- **Groups:** National Front (NF) and British National Party (BNP).
- **Actions:** Anti-immigrant demonstrations in non-white areas.
32
Tragic Incidents against migrants in Uk
New Cross house fire (13 young black people killed) and Stephen Lawrence murder.
33
Anti-Racist Movements
- **Groups:** Rock Against Racism.
- **Actions:** Organised gigs with bands like The Clash, Steel Pulse, and The Specials to combat racism.
34
Asian Migration from Uganda
-**Time Period:** 1960s and 1970s.
- **Reason:** Increased discrimination in newly independent African countries like Uganda.
- **Event:** In 1972, Idi Amin expelled non-citizen Asians, leading 29,000 to migrate to Britain.
35
Enoch Powell's 'Rivers of Blood' Speech
- **Date:** 1968.
- **Content:** Warned of violence due to Caribbean and Asian immigration and called for migrant repatriation.
- **Impact:** Led to stricter immigration laws under the Labour government.
36
Falklands War
- **Location:** Falkland Islands, part of the Commonwealth.
- **Population:** Around 2,000 British settlers in 1982.
Argentine Invasion:
- **Date:** 2 April 1982.
- **Leader:** General Galtieri of Argentina.
- **Reason:** To distract from economic problems by capturing the Falklands.
- **Action:** 12,000 Argentine troops took control of the islands.
British response:
- **Leader:** Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.
- **Action:** Sent over 100 ships and 28,000 troops.
- **Outcome:** Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982.
37
Impact of the Falklands War
- **Cost:** High financial and human cost.
- **Political Effect:** Boosted Thatcher's popularity and contributed to her 1983 election victory.
- **Cultural Impact:** Encouraged jingoism in Britain.
38
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
- **Established:** 1951.
- **Purpose:** Prevent future conflict in Europe by integrating coal and steel industries.
- **Development:** Evolved into the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957.
39
Britain Joins the EEC
- **Year:** 1973.
- **Leader:** Edward Heath’s Conservative government.
- **Simultaneous Joining:** Denmark and Ireland also joined.
40
Euro Adoption
- **Year:** 1999.
- **Adopted by:** 12 EU members.
- **Britain’s Decision:** Tony Blair’s Labour government chose to keep the pound sterling.
41
Maastricht Treaty (1992)
- **Signed by:** John Major’s Conservative government.
- **Outcome:** Created the European Union (EU) and transferred some powers to the European Parliament.
- **Controversy:** Seen by Brexiteers as a loss of national sovereignty.
42
Migration Post-EU Expansion
- **Reason:** Economic opportunities.
- **Destinations:** Many Eastern Europeans migrated to other EU countries, including Britain.
- **Sectors:** NHS, construction and retail.
43
Eastern European Migrants in Britain
- **Statistics (2015):** 1.9 million migrants working in Britain, 60% from Eastern Europe.
- **Largest Group:** Polish migrants.
44
Concerns About Immigration
- **Issues:** Some believed immigration damaged communities and strained public services.
- **Counterpoint:** Over 2 million Britons migrated to other EU countries, with more than 50% going to Spain.
45
Brexit Referendum
- **Referendum Date:** 2016.
- **Result:** Narrow victory for the Leave campaign.
- **Exit Date:** UK left the EU on 31 January 2020.
