Looking Deviant Flashcards
1
Q
In terms of physical appearance, what do we judge people by?
A
The cultural ideal
2
Q
Two types of perceptions in physical appearance
A
Positive perceptions, negative perceptions
3
Q
A choice in appearance; associated with certain lifestyle groups
A
Voluntary appearance
4
Q
Limited; no choice in appearance
A
Involuntary appearance
5
Q
Limitation of perception in physical appearance
A
- Appearances change over time and differ by socio-historical context (where/when)
- Perceptions about voluntary appearance vary across cultures, over time, and between subgroups
6
Q
The adoption of certain elements of another culture without regard for their history or meaning
A
Cultural appropriation
7
Q
Objective side on what bodies tell us
A
Characteristics of the person
- Age, sex, socioeconomic status, family structure and functioning, academic performance, personality, psychopathology
8
Q
Subjective side on what bodies tell us
A
Characteristics of society, relationships, and self
- Self and self-expression, identify formation, society, how people understand themselves, how people give meaning to their physical appearance
9
Q
The Halo Effect
A
- Physical attractiveness stereotype
“What is beautiful, is good” - The habitual tendency to rate attractive individuals more favorably in their personality traits or characteristics than those who are less attractive
Smarter funnier, more honest, more self-control, more efficient?
10
Q
Gendered Appearance Norms
A
Desirable trains and undesirable trains in both men and women
Ex: Men are desirable if they are muscular, fit, tall, have clear skin, etc.
11
Q
Body image
A
Comprises one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to one’s physical appearance
12
Q
Racial variation in body image
A
- North American beauty ideals celebrate white bodies
- Racial differences in adherence to North American beauty ideals
13
Q
Body projects (Change in Appearance)
A
ways we adapt, change, or control our bodies
14
Q
Camouflaging (Change in Appearance)
A
normative processes
15
Q
Extending (Change in Appearance)
A
overcoming physical limitations
16
Q
Adapting (Change in Appearance)
A
Removing or repairing
17
Q
Redesigning (Change in Appearance)
A
Reconstruction
18
Q
Two main body projects
A
- Body modification/Body art
- Body size/weight
19
Q
Variation of acceptance in body modification
A
- 5,000 year old Iceman
- Early Christian era -> religious affiliation
- European colonization -> “primitives”
- 1950s -> working class masculinity and subcultures
20
Q
Objectivity in body modification
A
- Risk: assumed to be “at risk”
- Abuse, troubled backgrounds, and risky behaviours?
- Alleged relationship: product of social control efforts - Motivation
- Aesthetic
- Pursuit of Identity
Social Identity
Individual identity
21
Q
Subjectivity in body modification
A
- Identity is not a cause of body modification
- Physical body reflects the individual’s understanding of self & society
Interpretive theories: - Understandings of self through interaction
- Interactions determine the role of body modification in our lives
22
Q
Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach in body modification
A
Part of constructing out Front stage and Back stage selves
23
Q
Impression management
A
Trying to manage the messages we send to specific audiences
24
Q
Women and Tattoos
A
- Often stigmatized
- Construction of the gendered self
- Established femininity -> Increase sex appeal
- Resistant femininity -> contradict hegemonic ideals
- Negotiated femininity -> source of liberation, but concealable
25
Straightedge Tattoos
1. Tattoos as ideological messages: Resistance to perceived hedonism and self-indulgence in our world
- Symbols of lifestyle declaration
- Symbols of pacification
- Symbols of indictment
2. Means of control over one's body
3. Intimate relationship with rebellion/protest
26
Scientific standards on body size/weight
1. This is more likely to be used as an evaluative criteria for women
2. Based on health risks (harm-based notion)
3. BMI (Body Mass Index)
- Criticisms using the BMI?
27
The Canadian Experience
1. Worldwide: 1.4 billion adults
2. Canada:
- 62% of adult men
- 46% of adult women
- 23% of children
3. More people are overweight than underweight in Canada and the world
28
Childhood obesity as child abuse
Child abuse
1. not always ACTIVE harm
2. can be associated with neglect
3. State/legal interventions
4. Women: blamed
5. Child AND mother stigmatized
6.Socioeconomic restrictions?
29
Anorexia Nervosa
Extreme end of "underweight", and is considered a mental illness listed in the DSM.
30
Causation of Anorexia
1. Ego-phycological theories
2. Family systems theories
3. Endocrinological theories
4. Sociocultural theories
31
Muscle Dysmorphia
Disordered fixation on gaining body mass, more common in men than anorexia.
This is a variant of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Can lead to higher rates of depression, lower levels of self-esteem, and higher adherence to "masculine norms"
32
Negative Perceptions of "Too Fat"
1. Female media bodies have become thinner
2. Male media bodies have become more muscular
33
Social Control of "Too Fat"
1. Media -> lose weight, fast!
2. Commercial industry -> pills, powders
3. Medicalization -> prescriptions, surgery
4. Governments -> "fat tax," tax deductions
5. Communities -> recreational facilities
34
Resisting a Label of "Too Fat"
1. "Fat Acceptance" groups
2. Beauty magazines and clothing lines for "plus-size" individuals
3. Goals are to promote sound nutrition and physical fitness in pursuit of good health, and to remove stigmas about "fatness"
4. Media
35
Social Control of "Too Thin"
1. Perceptions of "too thin" = extreme instances
2. Changing family interactions
3. Medicalized prevention and education
4. Media
36
Resisting a Label of "Too Thin"
1. "You can never be too rich, or too thin" : mentality
2. Pervasiveness of weight loss messages and products in society
3. Support of Anorexia - Dangerous
37
The cultural ideal
In terms of physical appearance, what do we judge people by?
38
Positive perceptions, negative perceptions
Two types of perceptions in physical appearance
39
Voluntary appearance
A choice in appearance; associated with certain lifestyle groups
40
Involuntary appearance
Limited; no choice in appearance
41
1. Appearances change over time and differ by socio-historical context (where/when)
2. Perceptions about voluntary appearance vary across cultures, over time, and between subgroups
Limitation of perception in physical appearance
42
Cultural appropriation
The adoption of certain elements of another culture without regard for their history or meaning
43
Characteristics of the person
- Age, sex, socioeconomic status, family structure and functioning, academic performance, personality, psychopathology
Objective side on what bodies tell us
44
Characteristics of society, relationships, and self
- Self and self-expression, identify formation, society, how people understand themselves, how people give meaning to their physical appearance
Subjective side on what bodies tell us
45
1. Physical attractiveness stereotype
"What is beautiful, is good"
2. The habitual tendency to rate attractive individuals more favorably in their personality traits or characteristics than those who are less attractive
Smarter funnier, more honest, more self-control, more efficient?
The Halo Effect
46
Desirable trains and undesirable trains in both men and women
Ex: Men are desirable if they are muscular, fit, tall, have clear skin, etc.
Gendered Appearance Norms
47
Comprises one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to one's physical appearance
Body image
48
1. North American beauty ideals celebrate white bodies
2. Racial differences in adherence to North American beauty ideals
Racial variation in body image
49
ways we adapt, change, or control our bodies
Body projects (Change in Appearance)
50
normative processes
Camouflaging (Change in Appearance)
51
overcoming physical limitations
Extending (Change in Appearance)
52
Removing or repairing
Adapting (Change in Appearance)
53
Reconstruction
Redesigning (Change in Appearance)
54
1. Body modification/Body art
2. Body size/weight
Two main body projects
55
1. 5,000 year old Iceman
2. Early Christian era -> religious affiliation
3. European colonization -> "primitives"
4. 1950s -> working class masculinity and subcultures
Variation of acceptance in body modification
56
1. Risk: assumed to be "at risk"
- Abuse, troubled backgrounds, and risky behaviours?
- Alleged relationship: product of social control efforts
2. Motivation
- Aesthetic
- Pursuit of Identity
Social Identity
Individual identity
Objectivity in body modification
57
- Identity is not a cause of body modification
- Physical body reflects the individual's understanding of self & society
Interpretive theories:
- Understandings of self through interaction
- Interactions determine the role of body modification in our lives
Subjectivity in body modification
58
Part of constructing out Front stage and Back stage selves
Goffman's Dramaturgical Approach in body modification
59
Trying to manage the messages we send to specific audiences
Impression management
60
1. Often stigmatized
2. Construction of the gendered self
- Established femininity -> Increase sex appeal
- Resistant femininity -> contradict hegemonic ideals
- Negotiated femininity -> source of liberation, but concealable
Women and Tattoos
61
1. Tattoos as ideological messages: Resistance to perceived hedonism and self-indulgence in our world
- Symbols of lifestyle declaration
- Symbols of pacification
- Symbols of indictment
2. Means of control over one's body
3. Intimate relationship with rebellion/protest
Straightedge Tattoos
62
1. This is more likely to be used as an evaluative criteria for women
2. Based on health risks (harm-based notion)
3. BMI (Body Mass Index)
- Criticisms using the BMI?
Scientific standards on body size/weight
63
1. Worldwide: 1.4 billion adults
2. Canada:
- 62% of adult men
- 46% of adult women
- 23% of children
3. More people are overweight than underweight in Canada and the world
The Canadian Experience
64
Child abuse
1. not always ACTIVE harm
2. can be associated with neglect
3. State/legal interventions
4. Women: blamed
5. Child AND mother stigmatized
6.Socioeconomic restrictions?
Childhood obesity as child abuse
65
Extreme end of "underweight", and is considered a mental illness listed in the DSM.
Anorexia Nervosa
66
1. Ego-phycological theories
2. Family systems theories
3. Endocrinological theories
4. Sociocultural theories
Causation of Anorexia
67
Disordered fixation on gaining body mass, more common in men than anorexia.
This is a variant of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Can lead to higher rates of depression, lower levels of self-esteem, and higher adherence to "masculine norms"
Muscle Dysmorphia
68
1. Female media bodies have become thinner
2. Male media bodies have become more muscular
Negative Perceptions of "Too Fat"
69
1. Media -> lose weight, fast!
2. Commercial industry -> pills, powders
3. Medicalization -> prescriptions, surgery
4. Governments -> "fat tax," tax deductions
5. Communities -> recreational facilities
Social Control of "Too Fat"
70
1. "Fat Acceptance" groups
2. Beauty magazines and clothing lines for "plus-size" individuals
3. Goals are to promote sound nutrition and physical fitness in pursuit of good health, and to remove stigmas about "fatness"
4. Media
Resisting a Label of "Too Fat"
71
1. Perceptions of "too thin" = extreme instances
2. Changing family interactions
3. Medicalized prevention and education
4. Media
Social Control of "Too Thin"
72
1. "You can never be too rich, or too thin" : mentality
2. Pervasiveness of weight loss messages and products in society
3. Support of Anorexia - Dangerous
Resisting a Label of "Too Thin"
