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SOC 224 > Explaining The Deviant Act > Flashcards

Explaining The Deviant Act Flashcards

1
Q

Theories of Deviance Inspired By Religious Beliefs and Superstition

A

1: Beliefs in evil spirits and magic
2: People ascribed unusual phenomena of nature to the activities of evil spirits
3: Belief that any pathology in human behavior must be due to evil spirits

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2
Q

Judeo-Christian Teachings of Two Explanations for the Role Evil Spirits Played in Sinful Behavior

A

Temptation, Possession

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3
Q

What Did Blaming Social Problems on the Devil and Other Evil Spirits Achieve?

A

1: It diverted attention from the failings of elites and placed blame on individuals who were “possessed” by the devil
2: Those in power made themselves indispensable by saying only they could stop the Devil

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4
Q

Confluence of Civil and Religious Authority Brought:

A

The blur in the distinction between sin and crime

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5
Q

What Happened to Those Who Challenged the Status Quo?

A

Branded as heretics and subject to extreme punishments such as Inquisition, and witch hunts

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6
Q

Witch Hunts

A

Reinforced the power of the existing social hierarchy;
Those who were accused for it were mostly women;
Burning ‘witches’ alive, and death by hanging

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7
Q

The Enlightenment

A

Focus on systematic doubt, empirical and sensory verification of ideas;
Ideas shifted away from fanaticism and religious superstition to naturalistic explanation based on reason and the scientific method(observation)

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8
Q

Cesare Lombroso

A

Attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior

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9
Q

Lombroso and the Positive School - Atavists

A

1: Observed physical differences between criminals and non-criminals
2: Applied Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory to criminals who were deemed atavists (less evolved)
3: They are born criminals who can be distinguished by stigmata: the physical signs of their atavism

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
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10
Q

Lombroso and the Positive School - Stigmata

A

1: Different types of offenders have different stigmata (robbers have quick-moving eyes)
2: Women had fewer stigmata than men and were closer to their primitive origins (less criminal)

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11
Q

Transition from Early 20th Century to Mid-20th Century on Theorizing Deviance

A

Biological theories of deviance to social theories of deviance

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12
Q

Positivist Theories

A

Composed of functionalist theories, learning theories, and social control theories

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13
Q

Four Functionalist Theories

A

Anomie theory, strain theory, differential opportunity theory, status frustration theory

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14
Q

Functionalist Theories

A

The social structure creates deviance;
Determine what structure in society has become dysfunctional to cause people to break the rules

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15
Q

Core Assumptions of Functionalist Theories

A

1: Social structures fulfill functions
2: Society is based on consensus
3: Concern with maintaining the social order

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16
Q

Anomie Theory

A

1: A certain level of deviance is functional
2: Beyond a certain level, deviance is dysfunctional

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17
Q

How Can Certain Levels of Deviance be Functional in the Anomie Theory

A

1: Increases social solidarity
2: Helps determine moral boundaries
3: Tests society’s boundaries
4: Reduces societal tensions

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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18
Q

Durkheim’s Anomie Theory

A

1: Social solidarity is essential to most societies
2: In times of rapid social change, social solidarity can break down; no clear societal norms/values
3: Without norms, societies function poorly
4: When social cohesion breaks down and social isolation is great, society loses it’s traditional social control mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What Happens When a Social System is in a State of Anomie

A

1: No common values and meanings
2: New values and meanings have not developed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Durkheim’s Suicide Theory

A

1: Sociological factors contribute to changes in suicide rates
2: Suicide rate varies with time and place
3: Rate of suicide changes when social bonds change
4: Rate of suicide increases when the social bonds between people in a society are either: too strong or not strong enough
5: Two factors what influence suicide : social integration, moral regulation

How well did you know this?
1
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21
Q

Anomic Suicides

A

Happens from society that no longer justifies social order and no restraint upon people’s aspirations and desires

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22
Q

Egoistic Suicides

A

Happens from a society with low integration and low value given to human existence

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23
Q

Altruistic Suicides

A

Happens due to strong connection to the group or affiliation and the betterment for someone else (self sacrifice)

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24
Q

Fatalistic Suicides

A

Happens when an individual feels so oppressed due to excessive regulation and too much control over one’s actions (prison)

How well did you know this?
1
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25
Q

Merton’s Anomie/Strain Theory

A

Deviance emerges from the structure of society;
Anomie is a dysfunction between cultural goals and legitimate means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Strain According to Merton?

A

A normative social order creates unequal access to legitimate means;
results from the gap between goals and the legitimate means to achieve them, leads to innovation (deviance/crime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Micro-Anomie According to Merton?

A

The individual is in a state of anomie, places more emphasis on self-interest than collective values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Merton’s Anomie

A

No longer about normlessness, but about relative deprivation;
Relative deprivation vs Absolute deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Merton’s Five Models of Adaptation

A

Composed of Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, and Rebellion

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30
Q

Mode of Adaptation - Conformity (Merton)

A

Accepts cultural goals, and institutional means;
Labelled as non-criminals

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2
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31
Q

Mode of Adaptation - Innovation (Merton)

A

Accepts cultural goals but rejects institutional means;
Labelled as criminals

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32
Q

Mode of Adaptation - Ritualism (Merton)

A

Rejects cultural goals but accepts institutional means;
Labelled as non-criminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mode of Adaptation - Retreatism (Merton)

A

Rejects cultural goals and institutional means;
Labelled as criminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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34
Q

Mode of Adaptation - Rebellion (Merton)

A

Rejects and tries to replace both cultural goals and institutional means;
Labelled as criminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Differential Opportunity Theory (Cloward and Ohlin)

A

Society is structured on differential access to legitimate opportunities;
People also have differential access to illegitimate opportunities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Status Frustration Theory (Cohen)

A

Structure of society is reproduced in the classrooms, where schools expect “middle-class behaviors”;
Similar to strain, Status frustration develops oppositional standards at which they can succeed;
Creation of delinquent subcultures - Immediate gratification, toughness, opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Three Learning Theories

A

Differential association theory, neutralization theory, social learning theory

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38
Q

Learning Theories

A

People learn to be deviant through same processes that teach conformity but content and direction of learning differs

39
Q

Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)

A

Deviant acts are learned through interactions and communications with others by primary or secondary learning;
Behavior deviants learn techniques of deviance and direction of motives, rationalizations, attitudes, that characterize that particular form of deviance

40
Q

Neutralization Theory (Sykes and David Matza)

A

Deviance is rationalized by learned techniques of neutralization;
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial/blame of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, appealing to higher loyalties

41
Q

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

A

People learn by watching others; we are more likely to engage in behaviors we are rewarded for;
the likelihood of future actions is based on: definitions, differential association, imitation, and differential reinforcement

42
Q

Two Social Control Theories

A

Social bonds theory, self-control theory

43
Q

Social Control Theories

A

Most of us are restrained from deviance;
There are barriers or lack thereof and deviance is a result of the absence of social control;

44
Q

Core Assumptions of Social Control Theories

A

1: Deviance is inherently attractive, yet most of us don’t engage in deviance
2: Focus attention on what causes conformity, instead of what causes deviance

45
Q

Social Bonds Theory (Hirschi)

A

People have a natural tendency to delinquency but here are 4 different forms of social bonds that influence our social control;
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief

46
Q

Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi)

A

Personality differences in deviance;
Self-control is determined by parenting, then relatively stable throughout life;
Low self-control correlates to deviance

47
Q

Core Assumptions of Self-Control Theory

A

1: Assumed to provide more immediate gratification of desires
2: Provide easy and simple paths to gratification
3: Acts are exciting, risky, thrilling compared to conformity
4: Crime provides few long-term benefits
5: Most crimes require little skill or planning

48
Q

1: Beliefs in evil spirits and magic
2: People ascribed unusual phenomena of nature to the activities of evil spirits
3: Belief that any pathology in human behavior must be due to evil spirits

A

Theories of Deviance Inspired By Religious Beliefs and Superstition

49
Q

Temptation, Possession

A

Judeo-Christian Teachings of Two Explanations for the Role Evil Spirits Played in Sinful Behavior

50
Q

1: It diverted attention from the failings of elites and placed blame on individuals who were “possessed” by the devil
2: Those in power made themselves indispensable by saying only they could stop the Devil

A

What Did Blaming Social Problems on the Devil and Other Evil Spirits Achieve?

51
Q

The blur in the distinction between sin and crime

A

Confluence of Civil and Religious Authority Brought:

52
Q

Branded as heretics and subject to extreme punishments such as Inquisition, and witch hunts

A

What Happened to Those Who Challenged the Status Quo?

53
Q

Reinforced the power of the existing social hierarchy;
Those who were accused for it were mostly women;
Burning ‘witches’ alive, and death by hanging

A

Witch Hunts

54
Q

Focus on systematic doubt, empirical and sensory verification of ideas;
Ideas shifted away from fanaticism and religious superstition to naturalistic explanation based on reason and the scientific method(observation)

A

The Enlightenment

55
Q

Attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior

A

Cesare Lombroso

56
Q

1: Observed physical differences between criminals and non-criminals
2: Applied Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory to criminals who were deemed atavists (less evolved)
3: They are born criminals who can be distinguished by stigmata: the physical signs of their atavism

A

Lombroso and the Positive School - Atavists

57
Q

1: Different types of offenders have different stigmata (robbers have quick-moving eyes)
2: Women had fewer stigmata than man and were closer to their primitive origins (less criminal)

A

Lombroso and the Positive School - Stigmata

58
Q

Biological theories of deviance to social theories of deviance

A

Transition from Early 20th Century to Mid-20th Century on Theorizing Deviance

59
Q

Composed of functionalist theories, learning theories, and social control theories

A

Positivist Theories

60
Q

Anomie theory, strain theory, differential opportunity theory, status frustration theory

A

Four Functionalist Theories

61
Q

The social structure creates deviance;
Determine what structure in society has become dysfunctional to cause people to break the rules

A

Functionalist Theories

62
Q

1: Social structures fulfill functions
2: Society is based on consensus
3: Concern with maintaining the social order

A

Core Assumptions of Functionalist Theories

63
Q

1: A certain level of deviance is functional
2: Beyond a certain level, deviance is dysfunctional

A

Anomie Theory

64
Q

1: Increases social solidarity
2: Helps determine moral boundaries
3: Tests society’s boundaries
4: Reduces societal tensions

A

How Can Certain Levels of Deviance be Functional in the Anomie Theory

65
Q

1: Social solidarity is essential to most societies
2: In times of rapid social change, social solidarity can break down; no clear societal norms/values
3: Without norms, societies function poorly
4: When social cohesion breaks down and social isolation is great, society loses it’s traditional social control mechanisms

A

Durkheim’s Anomie Theory

66
Q

1: No common values and meanings
2: New values and meanings have not developed

A

What Happens When a Social System is in a State of Anomie

67
Q

1: Sociological factors contribute to changes in suicide rates
2: Suicide rate varies with time and place
3: Rate of suicide changes when social bonds change
4: Rate of suicide increases when the social bonds between people in a society are either: too strong or not strong enough
5: Two factors what influence suicide : social integration, moral regulation

A

Durkheim’s Suicide Theory

68
Q

Happens from society that no longer justifies social order and no restraint upon people’s aspirations and desires

A

Anomic Suicides

69
Q

Happens from a society with low integration and low value given to human existence

A

Egoistic Suicides

70
Q

Happens due to strong connection to the group or affiliation and the betterment for someone else (self sacrifice)

A

Altruistic Suicides

71
Q

Happens when an individual feels so oppressed due to excessive regulation and too much control over one’s actions (prison)

A

Fatalistic Suicides

72
Q

Deviance emerges from the structure of society;
Anomie is a dysfunction between cultural goals and legitimate means

A

Merton’s Anomie/Strain Theory

73
Q

A normative social order creates unequal access to legitimate means;
results from the gap between goals and the legitimate means to achieve them, leads to innovation (deviance/crime)

A

What is Strain According to Merton?

74
Q

The individual is in a state of anomie, places more emphasis on self-interest than collective values

A

What is Micro-Anomie According to Merton?

75
Q

No longer about normlessness, but about relative deprivation;
Relative deprivation vs Absolute deprivation

A

Merton’s Anomie

76
Q

Composed of Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, and Rebellion

A

Merton’s Five Models of Adaptation

77
Q

Accepts cultural goals, and institutional means;
Labelled as non-criminals

A

Mode of Adaptation - Conformity (Merton)

78
Q

Accepts cultural goals but rejects institutional means;
Labelled as criminals

A

Mode of Adaptation - Innovation (Merton)

79
Q

Rejects cultural goals but accepts institutional means;
Labelled as non-criminals

A

Mode of Adaptation - Ritualism (Merton)

80
Q

Rejects cultural goals and institutional means;
Labelled as criminals

A

Mode of Adaptation - Retreatism (Merton)

81
Q

Rejects and tries to replace both cultural goals and institutional means;
Labelled as criminals

A

Mode of Adaptation - Rebellion (Merton)

82
Q

Society is structured on differential access to legitimate opportunities;
People also have differential access to illegitimate opportunities

A

Differential Opportunity Theory (Cloward and Ohlin)

83
Q

Structure of society is reproduced in the classrooms, where schools expect “middle-class behaviors”;
Similar to strain, Status frustration develops oppositional standards at which they can succeed;
Creation of delinquent subcultures - Immediate gratification, toughness, opposition

A

Status Frustration Theory (Cohen)

84
Q

Differential association theory, neutralization theory, social learning theory

A

Three Learning Theories

85
Q

People learn to be deviant through same processes that teach conformity but content and direction of leaning differs

A

Learning Theories

86
Q

Deviant acts are learned through interactions and communications with others by primary or secondary learning;
Behavior deviants learn techniques of deviance and direction of motives, rationalizations, attitudes, that characterize that particular form of deviance

A

Differential Association theory (Sutherland)

87
Q

Deviance is rationalized by learned techniques of neutralization;
denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial/blame of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, appealing to higher loyalties

A

Neutralization Theory (Sykes and David Matza)

88
Q

People learn by watching others; we are more likely to engage in behaviors we are rewarded for;
the likelihood of future actions is based on: definitions, differential association, imitation, and differential reinforcement

A

Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

89
Q

Social bonds theory, self-control theory

A

Two Social Control Theories

90
Q

Most of us are restrained from deviance;
There are barriers or lack thereof and deviance is a result of the absence of social control;

A

Social Control Theories

91
Q

1: Deviance is inherently attractive, yet most of us don’t engage in deviance
2: Focus attention on what causes conformity, instead of what causes deviance

A

Core Assumptions of Social Control Theories

92
Q

People have a natural tendency to delinquency but here are 4 different forms of social bonds that influence our social control;
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief

A

Social Bonds Theory (Hirschi)

93
Q

Personality differences in deviance;
Self-control is determined by parenting, then relatively stable throughout life;
Low self-control correlates to deviance

A

Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi)

94
Q

1: Assumed to provide more immediate gratification of desires
2: Provide easy and simple paths to gratification
3: Acts are exciting, risky, thrilling compared to conformity
4: Crime provides few long-term benefits
5: Most crimes require little skill or planning

A

Core Assumptions of Self-Control Theory

SOC 224 (11 decks)

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