LOOK OVER

Question 1

Where does Beta oxidation occur

Answer 1

in the mitochondria

Question 2

What is the mechanism allowing ATP to drive energetically unfavourable reactions fwds

Answer 2

group transfer

Question 3

What are the reasons for the large and negative Delta G associated with ATP hydrolysis

Answer 3

1. Resonance stabilization of Pi
2. charge repulsion associated with negatively charged components of phospho anhydrides
3. ionization of ADP

Question 4

What is the advantage of hydrolysis of ATP to AMP + PPi over ATP to ADP + Pi

Answer 4

• ATP to ADP + Pi results in hydrolysis of one phosphoanhydride linkage of ATP
• ATP to AMP + PPi initially hydrolysis one phosphoanhydride however inorganic pyrophosphatase hydrolyzes the PPi bond giving two moles of Pi.
• end result= hydrolysis of both phosphoanhydride linkages of ATP (Free energy change is twice as much)

Question 5

What reactions involve oxidative decarboxylation

Answer 5

Question 6

What happens to pyruvate in aerobic conditions

Answer 6

* note two NADH produced, this used in ETC

Question 7

Acetone

Answer 7

Question 8

What reactions is water added

Answer 8

Trans Delta 2 enoyl CoA -> L B Hydroxy acyl CoA

fumarate to malate

Question 9

What is derived from vitamin B1, what reactions is it involved in

Answer 9

TPP Thiamine pyrophosphate

note Lipolate and FAD also used

Question 10

What are reactions where water is removed

Answer 10

2 phosphoglycerate -> phosphoenoyl pyruvate

Question 11

What is substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 11

• producing ATP

Question 12

Aldose

Answer 12

glyceraldehyde

Question 13

What is unique about

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

Answer 13

• only reaction in glycolysis producing NADH
• since this happens in cytosol, there are two mechanisms to enter the cell depending on if brain/skeletal muscle (converted to FAD) or if liver/heart, left as NADH

Question 14

How does Fatty acyl CoA get into the mitochondria

Answer 14

is >12 carbons

• via acyl carnitine/carnitine transporter
• form of fatty acyl carnitine esters
• CoA cannot pass, fatty acyl CoA converted into Fatty acyl carnitine
• removal of CoA replacing it w/ carnitine
• then once across membrane carnitine is removed and replaced with mitochondrial CoA

Question 15

What happens to pyruvate under anerobic conditions (animals)

Answer 15

-regenerates NAD+

Question 16

Ketose

Answer 16

dihydroxyacetone

Question 17

Glycerol

Answer 17

Question 18

What happens to pyruvate in yeast and microorganisms

Answer 18

• decarboxylase and regeneration of NAD+

Question 19

How are fatty acids activiated for b oxidation

Answer 19

• fatty acid + ATP producing acyl adenylate to PPi

PPi then hydrolyzed to 2 Pi by inorganic pyrophosphatase

• Coenzyme A uses tis thiolate anion as the nucleophile reacting w/ acyl adenylate
• AMP is leaving group and fatty acyl CoA formed