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Sep Standards > Longitudinal > Flashcards

Longitudinal Flashcards

1
Q

R1

A
  • 20NM
  • Both aircraft climbing

a) In CTA only and between:
i) aircraft with approved SCNS; or
ii) between an aircraft with approved SCNS and an aircraft with DME;

b) Where the following aircraft is climbing to the lower level, both aircraft report reaching their cruising levels; and

c) If the following aircraft reports at the cruising level first, apply another form of separation immediately.

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2
Q

T2

A
  • 10 minutes
  • Frequent determination of position and speed is possible by:
    a) use of navaids
    b) use of approved SCNS (INS/IRS minimum GS 300kt) within CTA
    c) use of RNAV10/RNP10 or RNP4 within RNP airspace; or
    d) visual reference to the ground by day (or night for VFR aircraft)
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3
Q

T4

A
  • 10 minutes
  • Mach Number Technique

Use the table to apply Mach number technique between aircraft:

a) on the same track where the aircraft have reported over a common point and 10 min will be maintained until another form of separation is established; or

b) on converging tracks and it is confirmed that 10 min:
i) will exist at the point the aircraft concerned enter lateral conflict; and
ii) will be maintained until another form of separation is established.

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4
Q

T5

A
  • 9-5 minutes
  • Mach Number Technique

Apply Mach number technique between aircraft where opening speed exists provided that:
a) the required time interval will exist at the common point, observed by:
i) ATS surveillance system; or
ii) passage over the same on-track, positive radio fix; and
b) the leading aircraft is maintaining a greater Mach number than the following aircraft, in accordance with the table.

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5
Q

T1a

A
  • 5 minutes

a) The leading aircraft has maintained and will continue to maintain an indicated airspeed at least 30 kt greater than the following aircraft;

b) 5 min separation has been established by passage of both aircraft over:
i) the same positive radio fix; or
ii) the same ATS surveillance system position;

c) One aircraft maintains level while vertical separation does not exist; and

d) Vertical separation at the commencement of the level change does not exceed 4000 FT.

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6
Q

R3

A
  • 30NM
  • Both aircraft can do any of climb/maintain/descend

a) In CTA only and between:
i) aircraft with approved SCNS;
ii) an aircraft with approved SCNS and an aircraft with DME;

b) Above FL290, when a DME distance is supplied by either aircraft, both aircraft are on the same side of the DME beacon;

c) Both aircraft report reaching their cruising levels;

d) If the following aircraft reports at the cruising level first, take immediate action to ensure separation is maintained; and

e) Separation standards A3 and R3 may be transitioned across the CTA/OCA boundary provided that the conditions for both standards apply prior to transitioning.

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7
Q

D1

A
  • 20NM
  • DME/GNSS Climb to Cruise

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4
approved aircraft;

b) Where the following aircraft is climbing to the lower cruising level or both aircraft are climbing to levels which are not vertically separated, both aircraft report reaching their cruising levels; and

c) If the following aircraft reports at cruising level first, apply another form of separation immediately.

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8
Q

D2

A
  • 20NM
  • GNSS/DME Cruise

Distance information is provided by:
a) DME; or
b) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft.

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9
Q

D3

A
  • 20NM
  • GNSS/DME
  • Both aircraft descending

Distance information is provided by:
a) DME; or
b) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft.

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10
Q

D4d

A
  • 15NM DME/GNSS
  • Leading aircraft descending through level of climbing aircraft

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft;

b) The leading aircraft is descending through the level of the following aircraft (climbing); and

c) Above FL290, when a DME distance is provided and the aircraft are on opposite sides of the same on-track DME used by both aircraft, increase the standard to 20 NM by DME.

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11
Q

T1b

A
  • 5 Minutes
  • One aircraft maintains while other changes level.

a) Apply to a:
i) preceding aircraft descending through a following aircraft’s level; or
ii) following aircraft climbing through a preceding aircraft’s level;

b) One aircraft maintains level while vertical separation does not exist;

c) The vertical separation at the commencement of the change does not exceed 4000 FT;

d) No closing speed (IAS or Mach number) exists;

e) Separation has been established by the passage of both aircraft over the same:
i) positive radio fix; or
ii) ATS surveillance system position; and

f) The level change is commenced within 10 min of the time the second aircraft passed over the:
i) positive radio fix; or
ii) ATS surveillance system position.

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12
Q

D4a

A
  • 15NM
  • One aircraft maintains while other changes level.

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4
approved aircraft;

b) One aircraft maintains level while vertical
separation does not exist; and

c) Above FL290, when a DME distance is
provided, both aircraft must be on the same side of the DME beacon.

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13
Q

D4b

A
  • 15NM
  • One aircraft maintains while other changes level.

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft; and

b) Aircraft are established on opposite sides of an en route navaid as follows:
i) The non-DME/GNSS aircraft is descending or climbing on the safe side of the navaid at the commencement of the level change while the DME/GNSS aircraft maintains level; and
ii) The DME/GNSS aircraft is at least 15 NM from the navaid.

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14
Q

D4c

A
  • 15NM
  • One aircraft maintains while other changes level.

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft; and

b) Aircraft are established on opposite sides of an en route navaid as follows:
i) The non-DME/GNSS aircraft maintains level on the safe side of the navaid at the commencement of the level change and the DME/GNSS aircraft is descending or climbing; and
ii) The DME/GNSS aircraft is 15 NM or
more from the navaid.

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15
Q

T6a

A
  • 10/15 minutes
  • opposite direction climb/descent

During a change of level, vertical separation must exist by the estimated time of passing minus:
a) the time standard (10 or 15 min), as applicable to the route; or
b) 10 min between aircraft equipped with approved SCNS.

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16
Q

T6b

A
  • 10/15 minutes
  • opposite direction climb/descent

During a change of level, vertical separation must exist until the estimated time of passing plus:
a) the time standard (10 or 15 min), as applicable to the route; or
b) 10 min between aircraft equipped with approved SCNS.

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17
Q

D8a

A
  • 10/12 NM definite passing

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS, in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4
approved aircraft with reference to a published waypoint;

b) Do not mix GNSS and DME distances;

c) Use on reciprocal tracks and tracks differing by more than 90 degrees;

d) Reports indicate that the aircraft have passed and the distance is opening; and

e) Increase the standard to 12 NM if DME distances are greater than 180 NM.

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18
Q

D8b

A
  • 5NM
  • Definite passing

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS, in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft with reference to a published waypoint;

b) Do not mix GNSS and DME distances;

c) Reports indicate that the aircraft have passed and the distance is opening; and

d) If using a DME distance, one aircraft is
within 20 NM of the DME beacon.

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19
Q

T7c

A
  • Sight and Pass

a) Both aircraft report sighting and passing
the other by day (and in OCA by night);

b) Both aircraft are above 10 000 FT; and

c) You ensure there is no possibility of incorrect identification by either aircraft.

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20
Q

T7a

A
  • Opposite sides of a navaid
  • Both aircraft report passing the same positive radio fix (VOR or NDB)
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21
Q

T7b

A
  • Opposite sides of a visual fix

a) Both aircraft report passing the same visual fix, by day, or by night if both aircraft are VFR at night; and
b) The visual fix must be a prominent geographic feature within 10 000 FT of the levels of each aircraft.

22
Q

T8a

A
  • 15 minutes
  • At the crossing point

a) Each aircraft has either an approved SCNS or MNPS;

b) Ground speeds are a minimum of 300 kt; and

c) Separation exists when there is at least 15 min between estimates at the intersection of the tracks.

23
Q

T8b

A
  • 15 minutes
  • From the crossing point

a) Each aircraft has either an approved SCNS or MNPS;

b) Ground speeds are a minimum of 300 kt; and

c) Vertical separation must exist:
i) from 15 min prior to the estimate for B at the intersection; and
ii) until 15 min after A has passed the intersection.

24
Q

R2

A
  • 20NM
  • Definite Pass

a) In CTA only and between:
i) aircraft with approved SCNS; or
ii) an aircraft with approved SCNS and an aircraft with DME;

b) Using the same waypoint, reports indicate that the aircraft have passed and the distance between them is opening; and

c) Whenever a DME derived distance is 30 NM or less, you apply a correction for DME slant range error.

25
Q

Apply longitudinal separation between:

A

Aircraft on the same or reciprocal tracks.

26
Q

Definition of same/reciprocal and crossing tracks?

A

For separation purposes, reciprocal and same tracks are those tracks that intercept at less than 45 degrees.

Crossing tracks are those tracks that intersect at or between 45 degrees and 135 degrees.

27
Q

Methods of determining longitudinal distance separation may include what?

A

a) voice or CPDLC reports from aircraft;

b) the use of system tools to measure the distance between the displayed positions of two or more ADS-C or surveillance position symbols; or

c) a comparison of an ADS-C report symbol with the position of another aircraft determined by an alternative form of position fixing, such as surveillance, voice or CPDLC.

28
Q

When should speed control techniques be applied?

A

When aircraft are at, or expected to reduce to, the minimum separation standard apply speed control techniques to ensure that the separation minimum exists throughout the period of application of the standard.

29
Q

Cross check separation restrictions to?

A

Ensure the integrity of calculations and to confirm the calculation is consistent with the traffic disposition.

30
Q

You may compute the times required to establish longitudinal time separation using:

A

a) actual or estimated times at a common point;
b) authorised system tools;
c) the Appleyard Scale; and
d) the time of passing calculation matrix.

31
Q

What are the conditions for applying the Mach Number Technique?

A

a) only apply between jet aircraft with approved SCNS;

b) do not assign a block level clearance;

c) use a common point, defined as:
i) a geographical point on the aircraft’s track over which both aircraft will fly; or
ii) a point along the individual track of each aircraft which is equidistant from the geographical point described in ‘i)’; and

d) base application on the requirement that the last assigned Mach number will be maintained at all times, including during any climbs or descents.

32
Q

Only apply distance-based longitudinal separation standards when:

A

a) DCPC exist; or
b) ATC monitors all distance reports made by the aircraft.

Note: The requirement for DCPC is met by the use of CPDLC.

33
Q

Obtain all distance reports with reference to ______________ DME beacon or waypoint

A

The same.

34
Q

When can a DME beacon be considered to be co-sited with a waypoint or the azimuth navaid?

A

When the DME site is located within 600m

35
Q

When may you use an off-track waypoint or beacon for same direction distance separation?

A

When the distance reports from both aircraft are together increasing or decreasing.

36
Q

When applying same direction distance separation to aircraft during a period when different route clearances apply, what should you do?

A

Track the leading aircraft directly to or from the beacon/waypoint or co-sited navaid being used to obtain the distances.

37
Q

When using a mix of DME and approved SCNS distances, SCNS distance information should be based on what?

A

The coordinates of an en route tracking navaid that is co-sited with the DME, NOT on the location of the DME site.

38
Q

During the application of same direction distance standards, check the distance between aircraft:

A

a) at least every 30 min; or
b) at sufficient intervals to ensure that the required separation is maintained.

Note: Separation checked by an ATS surveillance system satisfies this requirement.

39
Q

When the ATS surveillance system-derived distance between aircraft is less than the sum of the distance required by the procedural separation minimum and the applicable ATS surveillance system separation minimum, what should you do?

A

Conduct a voice distance check with the aircraft before the first aircraft leaves ATS surveillance system coverage.

40
Q

For distance reports obtained by CPDLC, check to ensure the reports have been sent:

A

a) from both aircraft at the same time; or
b) from the leading aircraft first.

41
Q

Closing speed between aircraft may exist, provided that:

A

a) separation is in excess of the minimum distance required;
b) distance checks are made at intervals not exceeding 15 min; and
c) when aircraft are cruising at levels not vertically separated, the closing speed is
not greater than 35 kt IAS or Mach 0.06.

42
Q

If aircraft are on diverging or converging route clearances, measurements may be either to or from what?

A

A common point on the route clearances, or taken from where the abeam position of one aircraft intersects the route of the other.

43
Q

Can you use TACAN distances in place of DME?

A

You may use TACAN distances for the same purpose as DME provided all tolerances and conditions shown for DME are applied.

44
Q

When may GNSS be used for standards D1 - D4

A

In CTA only, GNSS distance information may be provided by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft for the application of standards D1 to D4, subject to the following conditions:

a) where a mix of GNSS and DME distances is used, do not use distance reports if one aircraft is within 20 NM of the reference point; and
b) when GNSS is used by both aircraft, you must apply the standard with reference to published waypoints.

45
Q

You may also apply separation standards D4, D7 and R3 (change of level) between two aircraft if:

A

a) the aircraft are confirmed to be on opposite sides of an en route navaid and one aircraft’s distance is established to be not closer to that navaid than the distance required by the separation minimum;

b) the distance determined by an ATS surveillance system, or by the position of one identified aircraft and a distance report from the other, establishes that the distance between the aircraft is not less than the distance required by the procedural separation minimum plus the applicable ATS surveillance system separation minimum; or

c) one aircraft’s distance is established by approved SCNS/DME and the second aircraft’s position is established, by day, with reference to a visual fix, provided that:
i) the fix is a prominent geographic feature within 10 000 FT of the aircraft; and
ii) the feature is displayed on maps available to ATC.

46
Q

Apply area navigation distance standards between:

A

Aircraft with approved SCNS or approved SCNS and DME where permitted.

47
Q

Do not apply area navigation standards after pilot advice of:

A

a) operation of approved SCNS equipment outside prescribed criteria including deterioration or failure;

b) operation of an INS/IRS outside the following time limits specified in the operational approval:
i) CTA - 5 hrs multiple sensor/3 hrs single sensor; or
ii) OCA - 12 hrs multiple sensor/5 hrs single/4.5 hrs MNPS; or

c) continuous operation of GNSS equipment in the DR mode for more than one minute or non-RAIM operation for more than five minutes.

48
Q

T3

A

15 minutes

Within all CTA and OCA.

49
Q

R4

A
  • 50NM
  • Climb, Cruise and Descent on the same track

a) Both aircraft have either RNAV10/RNP10 or RNP4 approval and are within RNP airspace;

b) Separation is established:
i) by reference to the same on-track waypoint, whenever possible ahead of both aircraft; or
ii) by use of ADS-C;

c) If an aircraft fails to report its position within 3 min, take action to establish communication. If communication is not established within 8 min from the time the report should have been received, apply an alternative form of separation; and

d) Obtain distance reports at least every 24 min.

50
Q

R5

A
  • 50NM
  • Definite Passing

a) Reports (including ADS-C reports) indicate that the aircraft have passed and the distance between them is opening; and
b) Both aircraft have either RNAV10/RNP10 or RNP4 approval and are within RNP airspace.

51
Q

D8c

A

10NM definite pass

a) Distance information is provided by:
i) DME; or
ii) GNSS, in CTA only, by RNP2 or RNP4 approved aircraft with reference to a published waypoint;

b) Reports by reference to a prominent geographic feature by one aircraft and a DME beacon or published waypoint by the other aircraft indicate that the aircraft have passed by at least 10 NM;

c) The non-DME/GNSS-equipped aircraft passes over and within 10 000 FT of the geographic feature; and

d) The geographic feature together with its distance from the DME beacon or published waypoint is specified in local instructions.

52
Q

T7d

A

Surveillance Passing

a) Aircraft are on reciprocal tracks;

b) Aircraft are observed by an ATS surveillance system to have definitely passed and position symbols are not touching; and

c) Not applicable to low-quality ADS-B symbols.

Sep Standards (4 decks)

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