LONG-TERM MEMORY 1

Question 1

TESTS OF MEMORY

Answer 1

• Recall/cued recall
• Recognition
• Priming
• Stem completion/word fragments/anagram completion
• Lexical decision tasks
• Artificial Grammar Tasks

Question 2

PERCEPTUAL TESTS

Answer 2

• Word identification task
• Degraded word naming
• Anagram solution

Question 3

NON-VERBAL TESTS

Answer 3

• Picture fragment naming
• Object decision task
• possible/impossible object decision

Question 4

CONCEPTUAL TESTS

Answer 4

• Word association test
• Category instance generation
• General knowledge questions

Question 5

RECALL AND RECOGNITION

Answer 5

• Amnesiac patients recognition of items they cannot recall (both episodic declarative processes)
• Challenging for advocates of multi-systems theories of memory —> claim that all explicit expressions of episodic (declarative) memory are mediated by the same brain system

Data suggests otherwise —> HIRST et al (1986)

• recall significantly lower in amnesiacs vs. Controls in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic ppts.
• Recognition remained relatively unaffected (alcoholics little decreased compared to controls)

Question 6

MANDLER (1980) = TWO-PROCESS THEORY OF RECOGNITION (accounting for amnesiacs superior recognition performance)

Answer 6

= recognition is a judgement of prior occurrence based on two quite different processes - retrieval and familiarity

• RETRIEVAL/RECOGNITION = retrieval reflects the conscious recollection of a previous event in all its episodic glory
• FAMILIARITY = related to priming-based experiences of perceptual and conceptual salience and fluency
• Because familiarity is spared in amnesia, along with other facets of implicit memory, some degree of recognition should be preserved

Question 7

TULVING (1985) - REMEMBER/KNOW PARADIGM (accounting for amnesiacs superior recognition performance)

Answer 7

= participants are shown a list of words (or pictures)
= later presented example words to identify as “remember” or “know”
= target previously seen words are mixed with new unseen ‘lure’ words

Question 8

GARDINER & PARKIN (1990) - DUAL-PROCESS MODEL (accounting for amnesiacs superior recognition performance)

Answer 8

= View remember and know responses as the consequences of two qualitatively different processes or states underlying memory retrieval

Question 9

DONALDSON (1996) - SINGLE PROCESS (accounting for amnesiacs superior recognition performance)

Answer 9

= derived from the theory of signal detection
= view remember and know responses as the consequences of different levels of confidence that an item has been recalled or recognised

Question 10

SINGLE RECOGNITION PROCESS

Answer 10

= DUNN (2008)
= argued in support of recognition as a single process
= Meta-analysis of 37 studies using remember/know method
= suggested strong memory trace gives rise to recognition/remember judgements and weak memory traces to familiarity/know responses

Question 11

DUAL PROCESS TO RECOGNITION

Answer 11

= ADDANTE ET AL. (2012)
= support for dual process model using ERP
= Familiarity judgements showing negative N400 peak between 400-600ms after onset
= Recollection was associated with a late positive component 600-900ms after onset

Question 12

HOW DO WE STORE INFORMATION

Answer 12

= SEMANTIC NETWORKS (Collins & Quillian, 1969; Steyvers & Tenenbaum, 2005)
= SCHEMAS (Bartlett, 1932)
= MULTI-STORE MODEL (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
= LEVELS OF PROCESSING (Craik & Lockhart, 1972)
= Tulving (1972) - DISTINCTION BETWEEN EPISODIC, SEMANTIC AND PROCEDURAL MEMORY
= Cohen & Squire (1980) - DISTINCTION BETWEEN DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE

Question 13

HIERARCHICAL SEMANTIC NETWORK MODEL - Collins and Quillian (1969)

Answer 13

= Assume that each step through the hierarchy takes time
= Reaction time to level 3 should be longer than to get to level 2
= Everything at the same level of the hierarchy should be accessed with equal speed (e.g. Animal -> dog -> Alsatian)

Question 14

SPREADING ACTIVATION

Answer 14

= Adapted from Collins and Loftus (1975)
= Activates all related information = PRIMING
= When words are related, reaction times when asked whether they were words or non-words were quicker (e.g. bread and butter vs. bread and nurse) (MEYER AND SCHVANEVELDT, 1971)
= activation closer and therefore association is quicker

Question 15

AMNESIA

Answer 15

ANTEROGRADE = Reduced ability to remember information acquired AFTER the onset

RETROGRADE = Problems remembering events occurring BEFORE the onset

Question 16

LONG-TERM MEMORY

Answer 16

DECLARATIVE = explicit
= Facts (semantic) and events (episodic)

NON-DECLARATIVE = implicit
= procedural memory and emotional responses

Question 17

EPISODIC vs. SEMANTIC

Answer 17

SPIERS ET AL [2001] - impact of hippocampal brain damage was much greater on episodic rather than semantic

VARGHA-KHADEM ET AL [1997] - “Beth and Jon” = severe damage to hippocampus > poor episodic memories for days activities, semantic was normal for age
= argued episodic memory depends on the hippocampus whereas semantic depends on underlying entorhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cornices