Long Essay 1

Question 1

Exclusivity

Answer 1

restriction to a particular person, group, or area

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

a minority group or culture comes to resemble those of a dominant group

Question 3

examples of exclusivity before conquest

Answer 3

1. after rebellion of 1623, chinese were unable to carry weapons, manchus were required to carry weapons (Nurhachi)
2. created two systems, Chinese would be ruled and judged by Chinese and vise versa (Hong Taiji) (emancipation through separation)

Question 4

examples of assimilation before

Answer 4

1. Nurhachi initially treated Manchus and Chinese equally (chinese were volunteering to join manchus)
2. Policy of cohabitation (Nurhachi)
3. mirrors Chinese government and reinstates exam system (Hong Taiji)

Question 5

examples of exclusivity after conquest

Answer 5

1. section in every city dedicated to Manchus, gov. offices usually in Manchu portion, 1/4 of city walled off, non manchus were not allowed to live there - used to remind them they were different
   2.

Question 6

Examples of assimilation after conquest

Answer 6

1. early on, Ming style gov. is reinforced, most do not see/feel change
2. dyarchy
3. Qing rulers attempted to identify themselves as chinese emperors while also maintaining manchu practices (hunting)

Question 7

Sinicization

Answer 7

1. adopt practices of other cultures
2. early Qing emperors struggle with question of how much Manchu identity will retain and how much Chinese culture we will adopt

Question 8

dyarchy

Answer 8

chinese and manchu officials in same office.

ex. chinese co-heads Department of War with manchu person

Question 9

when was manchu distinction mainly lost?

Answer 9

middle of 18th century

Question 10

How manchu citizens began assimilation

Answer 10

1. manchus and chinese began marrying
2. began to lose warrior skills
3. increasing number of manchus stopped speaking manchu

Question 11

Qianlong attempted to revive Manchu identity

Answer 11

1. had to prove themselves as hunters/military skills to be paid
2. had to take exams in manchu language to become officials
3. encouraged manchu religion

Question 12

after death of qianlong

Answer 12

1. manchu adaptation of chinese lifestyle accelerated

2. eventually, manchus were unidentified from chinese