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Modern China > Final: Identifications > Flashcards

Final: Identifications Flashcards

1
Q

“Backkyard (steel) furnaces”

A
  1. each household would have a backyard steel furnace in order for China to produce more metal/steel to catch up with GB
  2. citizens would go to work during the day, be at furnace during afternoon
  3. Great Leap Forward - 1958-1963 - Mao wanted to reach final state of communism in his lifetime, believed china could catch up with GB industrially in 5yrs
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2
Q

“28 Bolsheviks”

A

those who survived the shanghai massacre went underground

  • consists of Moscow trained communists
  • organized strikes among labor units, occassionally uprising in cities
  • arguably under complete control of Stalin
  • opposed Mao
  • gave up on urban areas in order to strengthen the last communist stronghold (Jiangxi), Mao is “demoted”
  • escape nationalists, begin long march, mao criticizes them during Zung conference and regains power
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3
Q

“Madman’s Diary”

A
  1. Lu Xun
  2. cornerstone piece of New Culture Movement
  3. Madman sees reality more clearly than those around him
  4. cannibalism = confucianism and feudalism
    - feudalistic society fed off of working individuals
  5. is afraid children will not be saved
  6. adopt Western modes of thought (science)
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4
Q

“Lean to One Side”

A
  1. Mao is concerned with international and national issues - wants to be a big power
  2. nationalism had been damaged since opium war (embarrassing) - Mao wouldn’t show weakness to western powers and refused to open trade/economic relations with Western imperialist powers
  3. In 1959, Mao announces his desire to lean to one side, either socialism (Soviets), or imperialism (U.S.) - no sitting on the fence
  4. If he opened door to western powers, could cause strife within China (movements against him) and ideology
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5
Q

1950 Marriage Law

A

women could choose lover freely, given equal rights in divorce, custody of children, and property

  • sharp rise in divorces after law was passed and publicized
  • People’s Court enforced it
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6
Q

Advanced Producer’s Cooperatives

A
  1. tools, draft animals, and labor were shared
  2. members had ownership of their land but would stake plot along with other members in common land pool
  3. mutual aid temas
  4. move towards collectivization -> advanced producers cooperatives: collective farm profits were distributed to members on basis of labor contributions
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7
Q

Battle for Shanghai

A
  • major engagements fought between National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Imperial Japanese Army
  • 3 month battle during which chinese and japanese troops fought in and around shanghai
    Phase 1: NRA attempts to eradicate Jap troops
    Phase 2: Jap launch amphibious landings and japs attempt to gain control of the city and regions
    Phase 3: retreat of Chinese army - Jap flanking maneuvers, ensuing combat on road to nanjing (china’s capital)
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8
Q

Chen Duxiu

A
  • began to encourage radicalism during May 4th movement
  • founded journal of new youth
  • moralistic approach
  • against Confuscionism (held china back, anti past)
  • becomes founding member of CCP
  • influenced New Culture Movement: group willing to take ideas from the west to “cure” china and move away from tradition (democracy, science)
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9
Q

Dixie Mission

A
  1. July 1944, U.S. sends group of military leaders to Yenan to discuss possibilities with CCP
  2. U.S. believed CCP was anti-Japanese
  3. aid pilots in China
  4. gain intel on Jap. movement
  5. gain weather intel
  6. U.S. believes CCP will utilize aid, Nationalists have not done so
  7. Chiang prevents U.S. aide from going to CCP
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10
Q

Four Modernizations

A
  1. brought about by Deng to move toward open market
  2. Agriculture: abandoning collectivization - gov. distributes private plots to citizens (could sell produce on open market), peasants contracted land, won right to decide how/what to produce
    - injected entrepreneurial spirit, growth rate increases by 5%
  3. Industry: switch from heavier industrial produces (soviet’s style industry) and toward consumer goods - industry doubled, gov. regulation decreased and individuals were able to start small businesses - more opportunity for foreign trade
  4. Science
  5. Defence
  6. Gov. moved away from self sufficiency and towards economic zones open to foreign investment.
    - new foreign technology, currency/exchange, management methods
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11
Q

Gang of Four

A
  1. led by Mao’s wife (interested in cultural affairs), used Mao’s position to eliminate rivals and gain power
  2. planed to take over upon Mao’s death, Mao doesn’t trust Gang, brings back Deng to take power
  3. Gang hated Deng, when Mao was weakened, Gang took actions against Deng and were arrested
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12
Q

Hundred Flowers Movement

A
  1. Party recognized it needed ppl with knowledge/technical skills (elites)
  2. Mao only wanted these men if they were devoted to and under control of CCP
  3. intellectuals began criticizing cadres, called for fewer political meetings
    cadres- ppl who arent’ well versed in their area of expertise
  4. Mao begins publicly commending intellectuals, intellectuals begin criticizing Mao and students make “Democracy Wall”
  5. leaders of movement sent to prison or countryside, work units forced to denounce 5% of members as “rightists”
  6. Mao now rejects role of intellectuals and elites, will focus on revolutionary youth
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13
Q

Li Dazhao

A
  1. founded Marxist Reserach Society and trained important CCP leaders
  2. (1888-1927)
  3. Causes division with Chen (disdain towards peasantry)
  4. rejects urban importance, wants to spur revolutionary spirit of peasantry (freedom of peasants = freedom of china)
  5. teaches Mao
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14
Q

Lin Biao

A

Along with Mao’s wife (Jiang Qing), was working through Mao’s influence
- encouraged destruction of four olds (customs, culture, habits, ideas) -> were holding China back from revolution
1. was caught in plot against Mao, mysteriously dies on plane during attempt to flee country
why? Lin was opposed to relations with U.S., didn’t want to wait until Mao’s death, disagreed with Mao about military practices
Mao has to find new predecesor

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15
Q

Northern Expedition

A

Sun believes Northern Expedition will be what unites China and begins his 3 principles
1. will achieve national base of power (military rule)
2. made plans to train political army, establishes military academy, will train new cadets for revolutionary army - troops also receive political ideology - training ground for nationalism
CCP involved in training, Chiang head of academy
3. Sun died in 1925 and army eventually falls into leadership of chiang

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16
Q

One-child policy

A
  1. 1969
  2. citizens received incentives for having one child - did not apply to recognized minority groups
  3. those with two children would have to pay for schooling of 2nd child, lose gov. benefits
  4. led to female infanticide, forced sterilization, forced abortion - believed that family needed son to maintain ancestral line
  5. 106:100 male:female ratio
  6. in 2016, china decided one child policy has served its purpose, now facing aging population
17
Q

PRC Land Reform

A
  1. 43% of land was confiscated by gov. and redistributed to 60% of population
  2. Mao can say the PRC completed Sun Yat-sen’s goals
  3. still not neough land for everyone and citizens didn’t have equipment, draft animals, water
  4. citizens would rent draft animals (if they couldn’t pay them back, ppl with draft animals would forclose and gain debtor’s land - recreating landlordism)
18
Q

Red Guards

A
  1. Mao uses student troops to locate anti-Mao opponents
  2. first encouraged to criticize teachers, later drove out authority figures (teachers, doctors), then moved to political leaders
  3. became more/better armed throughout revolution
  4. destroyed anything that represented bourgeoisie culture (oppression of working class)
  5. were encouraged to inform on family, Mao has never been wrong, Mao has been there their entire lives
  6. young ppl begin to join Red Guards, avoid Red Guards, or form own units - gov. arms them and fighting breaks out among units, gov. sends troops to stop violence, Reg Guards officially disbanded but encouraged to go to countryside to educate peasants, Mao regains control
19
Q

Shanghai Massacre

A
  • Sun Yat-Sen allowed CCP members to join KMT as individuals
  • after death, KMT loses discipline of CCP members and Chiang gains control of KMT
  • marches to Shanghai despite CCP control over city
  • decides to liquidate CCP members (arrests and massacres all known communitsts)
  • end of urban based leadership
  • Mao Zedong -> peasant revolution
20
Q

Tiananmen Protest

A
  1. Spring 1989, gov. suprised by student protests/demonstrations
  2. students stopped going to classes and flooded Tian. Square
  3. 70th anniversarry of May 4th movement
  4. protesting for pro democratic ideals: increase freedom of speech/press, right to form own organizations (political/social), people should have greater say in gov.
  5. gov. planned on holding own May 4th ceremony centered on communism
  6. 200 students began public hunger strike in protest of Soviet leader’s arrival, factory workers/laborers began joining students
  7. students viewed themselves as inheriters of May 4th spirit
  8. soldiers shot anyone who got in way, hospitals told to refuse treatment of any civilians, Deng’s image tarnished
21
Q

Warlords

A

Social Origins:

  1. former bandit leaders gained legitimacy
  2. revolutionaries/reformers
  3. military school students
  4. former soldiers (military career now viewed as best choice/meaningful)
  • arose after lack of gov. stability
  • no set leaders or ideology
  • Nationalists (have popular support) v. Militarists
22
Q

Xi’an Incident

A
  1. Chiang realizes Zhang and Yang are not completely committed to expelling communists, visits Xi’an to “inspire” the two generals. Yang kidnaps him.
  2. CCP lobbies to save CKS’s life (Stalin orders CCP to save CKS’s life)
  3. Stalin wanted unity in china to save china from japanese
  4. CKS is released Christmas Day and allies with CCP in anti-Japanese War (“united front”)
  5. Stalin believed CKS was most popular figurehead in China
  6. 1936
23
Q

Zunyi Conference

A

used to assess leadership

  1. Mao highly criticizes leaders of 28 Bol.
    - is supported by other influencial leaders
    - regains power by end of conference (Shared with 3 others)
  2. Stalin recognizes Mao’s leadership of CCP, despite obvious disagreements
  3. Mao was brought along as “prisoner” just in case

Modern China (5 decks)

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