Exam 1 Short Answers Flashcards
1
Q
Wanli Emperor
A
- wanted to elevate favored concubine but officials refused to allow him. He then refused to do his job
- Officials stopped being appointed - communities were put on hold
- gov. was weakening, people became frustrated
- eunuchs have access to emperor (only group) - became middle men between emperor and officials (abused power, made demands, bribes)
- officials began withdrawing from their positions and retired to do whatever they wanted
2
Q
Li Zicheng (from Sha anxi province)
A
- joined military unit to get by (very humble background)
- convinces fellow soldiers to rebel after fiscal problems
- good leader, influential, charismatic
- marches on capitol, Beijing gates are left open for him (proclaims his own dynasty) -Manchus arrive shortly after
- Wu Sangui
3
Q
Wu Sangui
A
- Ming general, in charge of guarding passes of wall from Manchus
- Ming emperor commits suicide, bandit takes power
- Dorgon is willing to negotiate with Wu Sangui
- Wu Sangui accepts offer and both armies march on Beijing - Manchus send him to kill the last known Ming relation, who was held captive by King of Burma
- Begins rebellion against Qing dynasty because he wants his son to maintain region given to him for his loyalty
4
Q
Complete Library of the Four Branches of Literature
A
- started by Qianlong
- collect all great Chinese literary works
- 3,500 works are included
- want strict “orthodox” way of thinking (strict interpretation)
- in weeding out good books, orthodox books (deemed unacceptable) are banned
- Manchus take out “dog” character bc it could be added to other characters as insult (sensitivity)
- Reinforces Confucius exam system
5
Q
Canton System
A
- Cohong: merchant families allowed to trade with Westerners - manage merchants and goods
- Western merchants have assigned Cohong merchants
- Cohong could be bribed, mistreat Westerners (British were not happy with this system)
- Canton was only port
- Cohong were punished if Westerners didn’t comply to rules
- Middleman between Westerners and officials - could only live in Canton 6 months out of the year
- British began refining opium for Chinese, start war after Lin destroys product -> bye bye Canton System
6
Q
Treaty of Nanjing
A
- 5 new treaty ports for British access
- cession of Hong Kong to Britain in perpetuity (base)
- abolition of Cohong trading monopoly, allowed free trade
- equality of official correspondence between Br officials and consulates in treaty ports
- indemnity of $21,000,000 to cover cost of war and value of opium
- no reference to opium trade - both delegates under orders not to address it
- unequal treaty, source of tension
7
Q
Zongli Yamen
A
- only intended as temp office
- establishment of foreign affairs office
- headed by Prince Gong - previously xenophobic
- noticed importance of diplomacy (Westerners were v. good at following treaties)
- concludes peace is possible if China follows treaties and treats foreigners well - goal: maintain peace as China regains strength
- Board of Rites previously in charge of foreign affairs, those on board transferred to Yamen
- encouraged more Western technology
- centralization of foreign affairs loses success, those outside of the office began making foreign contact
- Part of self-strengthening movement
8
Q
Sino-Japanese War (Beginnings)
A
- Japan sees Korea as opportunity for control, China wants to give Korea more freedom
- rebellion breaks out, both Japan and China rush in troops to attempt to secure Korean gov.
- Japan gets there first, secures power over royal family
- Chinese then expelled
- War breaks out
9
Q
Sino-Japanese War (The War)
A
- Japanese troops defeat Chinese on ground and navy, despite Qing having more powerful navy (tech from westerners)
10
Q
Treaty of Shimoneseki (1895)
A
- Korea independent in theory, in reality a protectorate of Japan
- pay large indemnity
- open four more treaty ports
- cede to Japan, in perpetuity, all of Taiwan, the Pescadores, and Liaodong province (was returned - demanded by westerners - feared once one country carves out part of china, nearly everyone will try)
- example of failure of self-strengthening movement (humiliating)
11
Q
Ti-yong Synthesis
A
- combines western and Chinese practices
- china is beginning to use railways, steam boats, military schools, scientific textbooks, telegraph
- Ti-yong -> Chinese learning from Westerners
- admits China doesn’t have all the answers
- confirmed Confucian orthodox but advocated Western ideas (best of both worlds, bitches)
- Boxers viewed railways negatively
- “Chinese learning should remain the essence, but Western learning be used for practical development”
12
Q
Kang Youwei
A
- re-reads Confucius and re-interprets
- reads Western scientific articles, believes Confucius can be progressive
-supported western learning and modernization - Supporter of reform and progress
- still wedded to exam system
- leaders in the writing of the Reform Memorial, Guangxu Emperor very interested in reform -> Hundred Days
(Until he was kidnapped by his grandma made mother)
13
Q
Policy of Cohabitation
A
- Nurhachi agreed to a Chinese request that Manchus and Chinese would live under one unit
- led to acts of violence and persecution, Nurhachi was appalled and punished Manchus
- more economical, element of control (who’s in charge of house?), language barrier
- Rebellion of 1623: Chinese would poison, burn buildings with Manchus in them, and attempted to cross border
- Chinese were forbidden from carrying weapons, Manchus were required
- Hong Taiji (8th son of Nurhachi) is able to gain control after gaining favor of Chinese - created two systems of ruling and judging
14
Q
Queue Policy
A
- final edict of Dorgon
- had to wear hair certain way
- to refuse was punishable by death
- reinforced control over population
- symbolized resistance to new government
15
Q
Stable Rule
A
- 3 rulers in 130yrs
- popular support
- experience
- smooth transitions
- less changes (no radical alteration)
- 1700s
- secure borders
- integrated lifestyles
