Locomotor

Question 1

Which of these is NOT a compelling reason as to why animals chose to change gait at certain speeds?

1. To redistribute the ground reaction forces between fore and hind limbs
2. To reduce musculoskeletal impact on tissues in the limb
3. To reduce the energetic cost of locomotion
4. To reduce muscle fatigue
5. To achieve faster speeds

Answer 1

To redistribute the ground reaction forces between fore and hind limbs

Question 2

This is an equine fetlock (metacarpophalangeal) joint. What type of synovial joint is this?

1. Hinge joint
2. Ball and socket (spheroidal) joint
3. Saddle joint
4. Condylar Joint
5. Ellipsoidal joint

Answer 2

1. Hinge joint

Question 3

Ruminant skeleton - Image of Right Forelimb – Cranial View. What structure is indicated by the arrow ?

1. The abaxial surface of the proximal phalanx of digit 4
2. The abaxial surface of the proximal phalanx of digit 3
3. The axial surface of the proximal phalanx of digit 4

Answer 3

1. The abaxial surface of the proximal phalanx of digit 4

Question 4

Of the following musculoskeletal tissues, which tissue has the greatest cellular component ?

1. Muscle
2. Ligament
3. Tendon
4. Bone
5. Cartilage

Answer 4

1. Muscle

Question 5

Which one of the following is an atypical constituent of normal synovial fluid ?

1. Water
2. Cartilage matrix breakdown products
3. Synoviocytes
4. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
5. Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)

Answer 5

4. Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Question 6

What is phylogenetic “baggage” or constraint?

1. The ancestry of an animal limits what its descendants can be like; it takes time to evolve.
2. A process that channels adaptive radiations.
3. A random process that explains why some lineages go extinct.
4. A form of exaptation.
5. The cause of cladogenesis.

Answer 6

1. The ancestry of an animal limits what its descendants can be like; it takes time to evolve.

Question 7

The scientific statement: ‘The genes on chromosomes determine heredity. ‘
Can best be described as:

1. theory
2. observation
3. law
4. fact
5. hypothesis

Answer 7

1. theory

Question 8

Which of the following structures is NOT important in excitation-contraction coupling?

1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
2. Myosin filaments
3. T-tubules
4. Ryanodine receptor
5. Myoplasm

Answer 8

2. Myosin filaments

Question 9

The following statements are about muscle fibre types. Which is incorrect?

1. Slow oxidative fibres are sometimes named Type I fibres
2. Type IIa fibres have both high oxidative and high glycolytic capacity
3. Type I fibres have small diameters
4. Type II fibres are quicker to fatigue than type I fibres
5. Type IIb fibres contain large amounts of mitochondria

Answer 9

5. Type IIb fibres contain large amounts of mitochondria

Question 10

A monosynaptic reflex arc is the basic functional nerve-muscle unit. When are you likely, typically, to see an exaggerated reflex such the patella reflex ?

1. When there is damage to the spinal cord cranial to the segment in which the reflex arc resides
2. When there is damage to the spinal cord segment in which the reflex arc resides
3. When there is damage to the peripheral sensory component of the reflex arc
4. When there is damage to the peripheral motor component of the reflex arc
5. When there is damage to the neuromuscular synapse

Answer 10

1. When there is damage to the spinal cord cranial to the segment in which the reflex arc resides.

Question 11

Which of the 3 muscle cells types shows the highest degree of development and specialisation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ?

1. Striated muscle
2. Smooth muscle
3. Cardiac Muscle

Answer 11

1. Striated muscle