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Neuroscience III > Locomotion > Flashcards

Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

minimal gait speed for walking is:

A

1.2 mi/hr

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2
Q

How does load influence locomotion?

A

WB enhances extensor activity in stance

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3
Q

Locomotion does not require:

A

sensation

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4
Q

Locomotion neurology is:

A

basic neural fxn
distributed in several areas of CNS
hierarchically organized
plastic

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5
Q

Describe the hierarchal organization of locomotion:

A 
prefrontal (goal)
motor cortex
BG, Cb, brainstem
SC - CPG
PNS and muscle
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6
Q

Describe CPG’s distribution throughout the cord:

A

in ventral and intermediate horns at every SC level

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7
Q

In animal studies with SC transection, stereotyped limb mvmnts are induced by:

A

cutaneous stimulation
limb mvmnt
pharmacological agents
–> NOT dependent on afferent input but sensor input IS important

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8
Q

CPG fictive locomotion is:

A

stimulation of motor neuron pool in a rhythmical pattern consistent with locomotion

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9
Q

CPG fictive locomotion can be done by:

A

stimulation of higher centers

pharmacological agents

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10
Q

CPG half center model is based on

A

reciprocal inhibition pools of motor neurons on both sides of the SC
flexors and extensors alternate - reverberate

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11
Q

CPG half center model depends on:

A

tonic input from higher center

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12
Q

CPG’s are involved in _____ and _____ coordination.

A

both intra and inter-limb

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13
Q

CPG output can be modified (adaptation). Can react to:

A
  1. sensory inputs
  2. change in higher center input
    ex: with obstacle on treadmill, if limb is in swing will enhance flexor activity. cutaneous input can enhance EMG activity. Higher centers may change gait velocity, or stepping pattern, etc.
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14
Q

In humans compares to animals, CPGs may be more dependent on:

A 
supraspinal initiation (ie: require higher centers)
(we don't have the same level of evidence as we do for animals)
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15
Q

What requirements do we have for fxnal walking?

A
  1. Equilibrium during propulsion (vestibular and Cb)
  2. basic reciprocal mvmnts (MLR, R-S, vest-sp, Cb, CPG, BG)
  3. adaptation to task goals and restraints (Cb, Cx)
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16
Q

What regions hold the keys for fxnal walking?

A

brainstem and SC

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17
Q

What is the MLR?

A

mesencephalic locomotor region

mesencephalic = midbrain

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18
Q

The MLR influences locomotion through:

A

activation of other brainstem areas

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19
Q

What tracts are involved in MLR locomotor fxn?

A

reticulospinal

vestibulspinal

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20
Q

Describe the fxn of the two reticulospinal tracts:

A

pontine: excite extensors (inhibit flexors)
medullary: excite flexors (inhibit extensors)
ACTIVITY DURING GAIT CYCLE OSCILLATES B/W THE TWO

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21
Q

R-S output is modified by several inputs:

A

CPG
vision
vestibular
–> WALKING IS MORE ADAPTIVE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

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22
Q

Vestibulospinal tracts fxn:

A

excites extensors during stance (against gravity)

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23
Q

The MLR functions to control locomotion by:

A

activating and controlling activity of CPGs
maintaining equilibrium during locomotion
adapting limb mvmnts to external conditions
coordinating locomotionw ith other motor acts

24
Q

The sensory motor cortex is especially active in:

A

complex, novel tasks

25
Q

Cb contribution to locomotion:

A 
timing of sequential activation
fine tuning (receives copy of output from CPGs
26
Q

BG contribution to locomotion:

A

initiation
termination
timing

27
Q

What tracts are essential to locomotion?

A

tracts in anterior cord

reticulospinal: flexors/extensors
vestibulospinal: extensor drive
* ventral sparing in SCI incr. chance of walking post SCI

28
Q

What about C-S involvement in locomotion?

A

responsible for fractionated mvmnt –> not as important for walking

29
Q

Describe the role of sensory afferents in locomotion:

A

NOT essential except for adaptation (sensory input essential for modifying CPG’s in response to environmental demands)

30
Q

Which sensory afferents contribute?

A

cutaneous receptors
joint receptors
muscle spindle (esp. Ia)
GTO (Ib)

31
Q

Describe how low threshold cutaneous input facilitate CPG’s:

A

extensors in stance and flexors in swing

32
Q

Describe how Ia fibers are involved in reciprocal inhibition:

A

Ia fibers presynaptically inhibited by Ia collaterals from opposing muscle groups
Fxn: decrease resistive reflexes that would impede locomotion

33
Q

Describe how phase transitions are important in locomotion:

A

Hip extension: critical in transition from stance to swing (hip flexor muscle spindles activate ipsi flex and contra ext)S
Triceps Surae: stretch in late stance also facilitates transition from stance to swing

34
Q

Stretch reflexes are phasic ally modulating during walking. This means that sensitivity to stretch depends on:

A

what part of the gait cycle

35
Q

What is the role of GTO in locomotion?

A

can have bimodal response during some activities like ambulation - facilitate extensor during stance and inhibit during swing
(role in motor control much more complex than originally thought)

36
Q

Afferents from muscle spindle and GTO also affect higher centered via _____ tract and provide info from periphery that modifies _____ tract output.

A

spino-Cb

reticulo-spinal

37
Q

In summary, sensory input shapes the final motor output by:

A

modifying composition of active CPG circuits and their synaptic connections
allowing for adaptation

38
Q

What biomechanics factors influence locomotion?

A

gait speed
environment
load (WB inc. extensor activity in stance)

39
Q

What is the minimal gait speed for arm swing?

A

1.2 mi/hr

40
Q

Describe CPG coordination:

A

more than one CPG may be activated
separate for UE and LE
multiple for LE and/or trunk

41
Q

In asymmetrical lesions (like brown sequard hemilesion), recovery mechanisms include:

A

significant reorganization of spared pathways

no ipsilateral regeneration, but ingrowth of contralateral collaterals

42
Q

What are the training and outcome considerations re: locomotion status?

A

peripheral sparing
use dependent plasticity
normalizing input
maximizing output

43
Q

Anterior or Poster SC more important to preserve to maximize locomotion?

A

anterior SC

44
Q

Training can improve locomotion and result in fxnal walking without:

A

any change in MMT

45
Q

Peripheral sparing includes preservation of which tracts?

A

vetibulo-spinal
reticulospinal
(both for CPGs)

46
Q

Which motor tract is not essential for locomotion?

A

lateral cortico-spinal

47
Q

With complete SCI, what is the purpose of locomotion training?

A

CV, pulmonary, etc

48
Q

How does AD use influence locomotion?

A

ideally the AD normalizes walking so CPGs are effective: want to maintain reciprocal arm swing, etc

49
Q

What human locomotion patterns are unique from animal studies?

A

bipedal (greater control for upright posture)
more dependent of supra spinal input
CPG organized differently

50
Q

What applications can help normalize afferent input for locomotion?

A

normal gait kinematics (feedback to reticulo-spinal centers and CPGs)
maintain tonic locomotor drive

51
Q

Walking speed for goal of BWS training:

A

1m/sec

52
Q

Walking speed for functional walking:

A

0.8m/sec

53
Q

How does walking speed influence locomotion?

A

Faster speed means more input to locomotor centers

54
Q

What are the considerations for program development and progression:

A 
load
postural control
speed
endurance
IND
adaptation
55
Q

What is better, treadmill or over ground?

A

over ground for fxnal walking

over ground requires more postural adjustments, more PF, more adaptation demands, and different GFRs than treadmill

56
Q

Emphasize ____ phase components in order to active CPGs.

A

stance phase

loading (IC)

Neuroscience III (7 decks)

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