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Neuroscience III > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Reactive postural control

A

Mvmt is a response to unexpected perturbation.

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2
Q

Anticipatory postural control

A

Mvmts made to stabilize trunk prior to pre-planned limb movements. 50 msec before prime movers.

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3
Q

Neural systems for reactive/anticipatory movements

A

Spinal cord (simple stretch responses)
Brainstem (longer latency responses)
Basal Ganglia, Cb
Cortex

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4
Q

Open loop

A

Mvmt done without any sensory feedback to adjust mvmt in real time.
Faster

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5
Q

Closed loop

A

Slower mvmts using sensory feedback to adjust while mvmt is ongoing.
Slow ≥ 100 msec duration.

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6
Q

How does Cb fit into the brain’s composition?

A

10% of volume, 50% of total neurons

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7
Q

How many anatomical parts?

A

Ant and Post lobes, & flocculonodular lobe

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8
Q

What separates Ant & Post lobes of Cb?

A

Primary fissure

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9
Q

What does Post-Lat Fissure of Cb separate?

A

Flocculonodular from Post Lobes

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10
Q

Functional Subdivisions of Cb

A

Vestibulo-Cb, Spino-Cb, Cerebro-Cb

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11
Q

Vestibulo-Cb

A

Flocculonodular lobe. Reciprical connections from Vestib system

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12
Q

Spino-Cb

A

Vermis (rel: trunk) & paravermal area of Ant & Post lobes (rel: limbs). Major afferents from spinal cord.

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13
Q

Cerebro-Cb

A

Lat Cb hemispheres of Ant & Post lobes. Major afferents from Cerebral Cortex (indirectly).

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14
Q

What are 5 classes of Cb afferents?

A 
1 Vestib System  
2 Cerebral Cortex  
3 Spinal Cord  
4 Visual Afferents  
5 Inf Olivary Nucleus
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15
Q

Vestib System Inputs

A 
Ipsilateral.  
Vestib Nuclei (Medulla) & direct from CN VIII  --> Vestibulo-Cb
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16
Q

Cerebral cortex Inputs

A

Contralateral.
Cortex (mainly motor & sensory areas) –> Synapse in Pontine nuclei (basal pons) –> Pontine axons cross midline and exit via Middle Cb Peduncle –> All parts of Cb

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17
Q

Spinal Cord inputs

A

Ipsilateral.
From 4 diff SC-Cb tracks via Inf Cb Peduncle.
exit via inferior Cb peduncle –> Vermis & Paravermal hemisphere.
Carries unconscious proprioception info

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18
Q

Visual afferent inputs

A

Visual cortical areas & Sup Colliculus via Pontine Nuclei

Carries visual proprioceptive info and info re: targets

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19
Q

Inferior Olivary Nucleus inputs

A

Contralateral.
ION is in Rostral Medulla. Important in Motor Learning. Source of Climbing fibers projections off purkinje cells to all Cb.

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20
Q

Which cells in Cb cortex project to deep Cb nuclei?

A

Purkinje cells

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21
Q

Which functional system uses Fastigial Nucleus?

A

Vermal part of Spino-Cb

F –> trunk

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22
Q

Which functional system uses Globose & Emboliform Nucleus?

A

Paravermal part of Spino-Cb

G&E –> limbs

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23
Q

Which functional system uses Dentate Nucleus?

A

Lateral Hemishpere (Cerebro-Cb)

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24
Q

What acts as the deep nuclei for Vestib-Cb?

A

Vestibular nuclei

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25
Q

Efferents of Vestib-Cb

A

Vestib Nuclei –> vestib sensors in inner ear via CV VIII

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26
Q

What does Vest-Cb coordinate?

A

Eye mvmt (VOR, saccades) via vestib nuclei projections.
Balance reactions & postural control via vestib-spinal & reticulo-spinal tracts.
Flocculus: smooth pursuit & adaptation of VOR gain.

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27
Q

What is the fxn of spino-Cb division?

A

dynamic control of ongoing mvmnt

compares intended motor plan with execution to detect error and send info. to correct plan

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28
Q

Describe the efferent pathway to spino-Cb:

A

efferent copy from motor cerebral cx crosses at pons and exits via middle Cb peduncle

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29
Q

Describe the afferent pathway from spino-Cb

A

spino-Cb tract project out from DCN through superior Cb peduncle to CONTALATERAL thalamus –> motor/pre-motor cx

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30
Q

Describe the firing of neurons in the spino-Cb:

A

fire during mvmnts and firing rates tend to change as mvmnt evolves

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31
Q

The vermis is involved in control of:

A

(F)
trunk mvmnts
saccades

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32
Q

The paravermal hemispheres control

A

limb mvmnt (G & E)

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33
Q

What is the fxn of cerebro-Cb?

A

PREDICTIVE CONTROL

  • plan/prep mvmnt
  • high level internal feedback circuit to regulate cortical mvmnt programs
  • evaluation of sensory info for complex tasks
  • coordinate skilled and visually guided behavior
34
Q

What is the major non-motor fxn of cerebro-Cb?

A

ability to judge passage of time and some language fxns

35
Q

Afferents to cerebro-Cb are from:

A

contralateral cerebral cx

motor, premotor, sensory, parietal

36
Q

The cerebro-Cb uses afferent data to:

A

schema of the body
(joint position, muscle tension)
in order to anticipate what is needed for mvmnt to occur from that starting state and to update motor programs

37
Q

Describe the efferent pathway from cerebro-Cb:

A

(similar to spino-Cb)

CONTRALATERAL motor and premotor cortex via thalamus / superior Cb peduncle

38
Q

The lateral Cb is involved in coordinating visually guided behavior because:

A

there is a large visual input to the cerebro-Cb

39
Q

________ efferents are used as a feedback loop to update motor plants in Cb and cx.

A

cerebro-Cb

40
Q

Typical motor impairments associated with Cb lesions:

A 
hypermetria
overcorrection
decomposition of mvmnt (loss of smooth mvmnt)
impaired intersegmental coordination
impaired balance (if midline lesion)
impaired adaptation
41
Q

Cb lesions can manifest in impaired…

A

reactive and anticipatory control in trunk and limb mvmnts

42
Q

What is a motor set?

A

requirements to form a planned mvmnt

calculated based on prior experience, current context for mvmnt, and current sensory-motor state (body scheme, posture)

43
Q

What components of a motor set does the cerebro-Cb coordinate?

A

timing
amplitude
agonist/antagonist
coordination of limb segments

44
Q

With damage to cerebro-Cb, what happens to the motor plan?

A

cannot be calibrated and updated

… leads to ataxia

45
Q

Ataxia is associated with:

A

breakdown of mvmnt resulting in decomposition of mvmnt (because no longer have cerebro-Cb to calibrate and update motor plan)

46
Q

With cerebro-Cb damage, accuracy breaks down (hyper metric), so much more dependent on:

A

conscious sensory feedback for error correction (snow balls though, bc the error correction is also hyper metric)

47
Q

What fxnal subdivision acts as “error detector” to modify ongoing mvmnts?

A

spino-Cb

48
Q

Spino-Cb lesion can lead to:

A

hypermetric mvmnts

decomposition of mvmnt (mvmnt breaks down into segments)

49
Q

Define ataxia:

A

general word - describes combined influence of Cb dysfxn on gait, posture, patterns of mvmnt

50
Q

Lesions of Cb produce typical patterns of:

A

incoordination
impaired balance
decreased muscle tone

51
Q

What areas of the Cb are responsible for motor learning and adaptation?

A

all of Cb!!

52
Q

With removal of flocculus or ION, what is the result?

A

certain adaptations to certain reflexes cannot be learned

53
Q

With ION removal, what is the result?

A

certain conditional reflexes cannot be learned or maintained

54
Q

All parts of Cb are essential to trial and error adaptation of motor behavior to:

A

new contexts

adaptation depends on activity.. one motor program is adapted to a new set of task requirements

55
Q

What is the role of ION in motor learning?

A

ION is considered the “coach”
(Cb is the “learner)
climbing fiber input facilitates motor learning

56
Q

With Cb damage, what is the key to rehabilitation?

A

REPETITION

practice and repeat in order to relearn and adapt

57
Q

Which area of Cb is particularly important for maintaining static and dynamic balance?

A

all of Cb … but particularly flocculunodular lobe

helps keep COM over moving BOS using both anticipatory and feedback mechs

58
Q

The Cb modulates rhythmical output during gait cycle via connections with:

A

vestibular nuclei via flocculunodular love

these DCN’s activate extensors

59
Q

What interconnections does the Cb count on for coordinated response for balance rxns and postural control?

A

vestibular system

reticulospinal system

60
Q

The Cb adapts locomotor pattern in novel situations especially ones requiring visual guidance by recruiting which fxnal subdivision in particular?

A

cerebro-Cb

61
Q

Cb lesion often results in what muscle tone changes?

A

hypotonia and hyporeflexia

mechanism is thought to involve change in Cb-reticular formation spinal cord circuits

62
Q

Describe differences you might observe in a pt. with lateral lobe lesion vs. medial lesion:

A

lateral: more difficulty with accurate limb placement
medial: more difficulty with balance

63
Q

Define adiodochokinesia:

A

rapid breakdown of alternating mvmnts

64
Q

Deficits are seen _______ to the Cb lesion.

A

ipsilateral

65
Q

Isolated damage to flocculonodular lobe can lead to:

A

impaired smooth pursuit
gaze-evoked nystagmus
impaired VOR and VOR cancellation
impaired balance

66
Q

Isolated vermis damage can lead to:

A 
dec. muscle tone
postural tremor, trunk ataxia
ataxic gait
balance impairment
hypermetric saccadic and smooth pursuit eye mvmnts
67
Q

Isolated vermis damage does NOT affect:

A

the limbs (no influence on imv tremor or limb ataxia) –> because the vermis is central

68
Q

Damage to the lateral hemisphere will result in:

A 
limb mvmnt deficits
decreased muscle tone
limb ataxia
hypermetria
decomposition of mvmnt
69
Q

Describe how tremor may present in an individual with midline Cb lesion vs. lateral Cb lesion:

A

medial: postural tremor
lateral: limb intention tremor

70
Q

Ataxic gait is characterized by:

A

dec. angular excursions of multiple joints
varied stride length
abnormal timing of limb segments
reduced walking speed

71
Q

Abnormal timing of limb segments is associated with:

A

decomposition of mvmnt

72
Q

Varied stride length is associated with:

A

loss of rhythmical control of step cycle

73
Q

Dec. angular excursions of multiple joints during ataxic gait is an adaptation to:

A

attempt to dec. DOF and inc. stability

74
Q

Decomposition of speech is called:

A

dysarthria

“scanning speech”

75
Q

Define asthenia:

A

generalized weakness associated with Cb disorder

76
Q

Global mvmnt deficits related to Cb dysfxn include:

A 
loss of anticipatory control
dymetria
inc. reaction time
decomposition of mvmnt
tremor
ataxic gait
dysarthria
rebound phenomenon
asthenia
hypotonia
adiadochokinesia
77
Q

With Cb damage, which system remains intact?

A

conscious sensation intact

78
Q

What are some common clinical tests for Cb fxn?

A 
finger to nose 
finger to PT's finger
finger to finger
alternate nose to finger
finger opposition
mass grasp
pron/sup
rebound test
tappoing hand or foot
heel on shin
draw a circle
79
Q

What are common pathologies that affect the Cb?

A 
tumors
stroke
acoustic neuromas
trauma
MS
Ataxia (Fredrich's, degenerative, genetic)
chronic alcoholism
80
Q

What vasculature supplied portions of the Cb?

A

PICA –> post. lobe
AICA –> vest. lobe
SCA –> ant. lobe

81
Q

Chronic alcoholism especially affects which lobe?

A

anterior

82
Q

Considerations for effective intervention planning with Cb damage?

A

capacity for motor learning
capacity for adaptation for task modification
adaptation to new environmental contexts
coordination of agonist/antagonist pairing for multi-limb mvmnt

Neuroscience III (7 decks)

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