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Neuroscience III > Basal Ganglia Intro > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Mvmnt disorders are a class of neurological disorders all related to ____ dysfxn. The resulting disorders are classified as either ____ or ____.

A

BG dysfxn

hypokinetic or hyperkinetic

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2
Q

Hypokinetic movement disorders include:

A

PD

parkinson’s plus syndromes

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3
Q

Hyperkinetic movement disorders include:

A

chorea
athetosis
ballism
dystonia

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4
Q

Mvmnt disorders used to be called _______; still may see this term in reference to clinical signs of BG dysfxn.

A

extrapyramidal

C-S = pyramidal

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5
Q

What are the 2 primary roles of the BG?

A
  1. initiate internally generated mvmnts

2. “sensorimotor agility”: shift or change motor set as task demand changes

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6
Q

BG refers to the _______ including caudate, putamen, and globes pallidus.

A

subcortical grey matter

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7
Q

The lenticular nucleus consists of the:

A

Putamen
Globus pallidus internus
Globus pallidus externus

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8
Q

The striatum includes:

A

nucleus accumbens
caudate nucleus
putamen

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9
Q

The STN is located in the:

A

diencephalon

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10
Q

The sustantia nigra is located in the _____ and consists of these two parts:

A 
midbrain
pars compacta (SNc)
pars reticulata (SNr)
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11
Q

Nucleus accumbens is the ____ part of the striatum, related to the ______ system.

A

ventral

limbic

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12
Q

What area is the “receiving” area of the BG?

A

striatum

receives inputs from all areas of cortex and thalamus

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13
Q

What areas use GABA (-) as neurotransmitter?

A

Striatum
Globus Pallidus
SNr

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14
Q

Describe the development of the striatum:

A

caudate and putamen are from same embryological origin
As caudate develops it grows around in wall of lateral ventricle
Putamen forms OUTER part of lentiform nucleus

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15
Q

What anatomic area forms the medial portion of the lentiform nucleus?

A

Globus pallidus (GPi and GPe)

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16
Q

What influence does GP on it’s target?

A

inhibitory effect on THALAMUS

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17
Q

Which anatomical areas are considered the “outflow” nuclei of the BG?

A
  1. GP

2. SNr

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18
Q

What influence does SNr have on targets?

A

inhibitory effect on THALAMUS and BS areas

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19
Q

Where is STN located?

A

ventral to thalamus, medial to internal capsule (in diencephalon)

20
Q

What neurotransmitter does STN use?

A

glutamate (+)

21
Q

What role does STN have?

A

involved in indirect circuit

22
Q

SNc location vs. SNr?

A

SNc: dorsal part of SN
SNr: ventral part of SN; adjacent to crus cerebri

23
Q

The neurons in the ______ contain the pigment neuromelanin, which gives SN its name.

A

SNc

24
Q

SNc neurotransmitter:

A

dopamine (+)

25
Q

SNc projects to the ____ and sets the background level of excitability.

A

striatum

26
Q

Describe the net effect of the direct circuit:

A

thalamic and cortical excitation

activation of motor program

27
Q

Describe the net effect of the indirect circuit:

A

thalamic and cortical inhibition

inhibits unwanted or competing motor programs

28
Q

At rest, there is no mvmnt because the ____ projects inhibitory influence over the thalamus.

A

GPi

29
Q

During mvmnt, direct circuit summary pathway:

A

Cortex +> Striatum -> GPi x> Thalamus / Cortex

30
Q

During mvmnt, indirect circuit summary pathway:

A

Cortex +> Striatum -> GPe x> STN +> GPI -> Thalamus / Cortex

31
Q

The functional combined effect of indirect and direct circuits:

A

related to the role of the BG in activating a desired motor program (direct circuit) while inhibiting a competing program (indirect).

32
Q

The hyperdirect pathway is directly from _____ to _____ to directly inhibit unwanted program (inhibits thalamus).

A

cortex to STN

33
Q

Dopamine comes from the ___ ;

There are __ different types of dopamine receptors.

A

SNc

5

34
Q

Dopamine fxn and influence of lower levels of dopamine:

A

sets tonic background level of excitation on the thalamus

lower levels of activation in thalamic targets

35
Q

Too little dopamine results in:

Too much dopamine results in:

A

too little: akinesia

too much: dyskinesia

36
Q

Dopamine may act to focus attention by interacting with:

A

striatal neurons

37
Q

What is the 2 roles of dopamine in motor learning and adaptive plasticity?

A
  1. BURST COUPLES

2. LTP = Long Term Potentiation of cortical inputs

38
Q

Describe BURST COUPLES:

A

interact with cortical input to striatal neurons during learning

39
Q

Describe LTP of cortical inputs:

A

persistent increase in synaptic strength following high frequency stimulation of synapses… major role in implicit/procedural learning

40
Q

The SNr affects brainstem systems for:

A

locomotion
muscle tone
eye mvmnts

41
Q

Describe the locomotion function of the SNr (region, fxn):

A

mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)
recruit CPGs in SC for locomotion
MLR affect rhythmic stepping, initiation, termination of motion

42
Q

Describe the muscle tone function of the SNr (region, fxn):

A

reticular formation
projects to area of RF that controls muscle tone
without normal BG influence, muscle tone inc. (rigidity)

43
Q

Describe the eye movmnt function of the SNr (region, fxn):

A

superior colliculus

generates saccadic eye mvmtns

44
Q

What are the roles of BG in motor control?

A
  1. generate internally triggered mvmnt
  2. esp. active in overlearned mvmnts
  3. flexible motor set selection and shifting
  4. “gate” for processing sensory info / select relevant and suppress irrelevant / ongoing eval of environmental cues
  5. cognitive-related fxns
45
Q

What are some non-motor functions of the BG?

A

switching attention b/w tasks
focus attention on primary task
caudate: compulsive behavior (OCD)
ventral striatum: reward-based behaviors related to addition, schizophrenia

Neuroscience III (7 decks)

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