Locomotion

Question 1

How do cyano move?

Answer 1

Gliding.

• Up to 10um
• Junctional pore complexes secrete slime.
• Oscillin = glycoproteins, channels slime

Question 2

How do diatoms move?

Answer 2

Gliding.

• Pennates w/raphe
• 2 to 14um
• Path depends on raphe shape
• Can produce tethers.

Question 3

Most common flagella swimming?

Answer 3

Biflaggellate.

Question 4

______ swimming is common in green algae.

Answer 4

Quadriflagellate.

Question 5

Name 2 biflagellate algae.

Answer 5

Heterokont and isokont.

Question 6

Another name for hairs.

Answer 6

Mastiogeonemes.

Question 7

Cilia vs. Flagella

Answer 7

• Same 9+2 structure
• Cilia are shorter, hairlike.
• Flagella are longer, threadlike.
• Cilia move faster, more per cell.
• Flagella move slower, few per cell.
• Flagella have a propeller like motion, and Cilia have a back and forth beating.

Question 8

What’s a haptonema?

Answer 8

Can be very reduced or long,

Question 9

What are flagellar scales in Heterokontophyta made of?

Answer 9

Silica based.

Question 10

What are flagellar scales in Haptophyta made of?

Answer 10

CaCO3 + Organic

Question 11

What are flagellar scales in Chlorophyta made of?

Answer 11

Organic.

Question 12

What are the two types of flagellar hairs?

Answer 12

• Non-Tubular (Simple)

- Tubular (Cryptophycean, Tripartite, Prasinophycean)

Question 13

Euglenophyta flagellar hairs?

Answer 13

Non-Tubular
Hairs same on both flagella, long hairs (3-4um, 10nm diam) + many short (~2um, 5nm diam)

(Also found in some glaucophyta and Chlorophyta)

Question 14

Dinophyta flagellar hairs?

Answer 14

Non-Tubular
Transverse Flagellum: 2-4um long, 10nm diam, in bundles w/different sizes.
Longitudinal flagellum: 0.4-0.75um, 10nm diam)

Question 15

Describe flagellar hairs, tubular.

Answer 15

2 or more distinct regions

• Proximal thick and tubular
• Distal region simpler

(Cryptophycean, tripartite, prasinophycean)

Question 16

Flagellar hairs: Cryptophycean

Answer 16

Tubular
-2 opposite row on long flagellum
Promximal: Tubular 1.5-2.5um long
Distal: Nontubular 1um long filament 
-1 row on short flagellum
Proximal: 1-1.5um long
Distal 1um nontubular filament

Question 17

Flagella hairs: Tripartite

Answer 17

-Short basal region.
0.2-0.3um long, tapers @ membrane
-Tubular hollow central shaft
0.7-2um long, 16nm diam.
-Distal region
Terminal filaments/fibers
Vary in #, length, diam

Question 18

Flagella hairs: Prasinophycean

Answer 18

• Hairs on all flagella
• Very diverse in morphology
• 0.5-3um long
• > 1 type per flagellum

Question 19

Transition Zone

Answer 19

• Useful indicator of phylogenetic relationships
• Axoneme and basal body are constant
• Transition zone varies.

Question 20

Type 1 transition zone: Phaeophyceae

Answer 20

• Simplest
• 1 basal plate @ inflexion
• radial fibers connect outside microtubules w/membrane

Question 21

Type 2 transition zone: Euglenophyta

Answer 21

• “plug” instead of basal plate.
• “spiral” of fibrils
• Star-Shaped thickening of membrane.
• Fibers connect to doublets.

Question 22

Type 3 transition zone

Answer 22

• Double, complex plates
• Distance and material between varies.
• Dino/Glauco/Hapto and Crypto

Question 23

Type 4 transition zone

Answer 23

• One basal plate @ inflexion
• “transitional helix”
• 4 to 6 turns

Question 24

Type 5 transition zone: Chlorophyta

Answer 24

• “Stellate”
• Longer distal
• Shorter proximal
• Basal plate between
• Looks like a “H” in longitudinal section.

Question 25

Basal Body

Answer 25

``` =Kinetosome -Cannot be dissociated from flagella -Cynlindrical, 0.2um average diam., variable height (avg 0.5um) -Microtubules in triplets, at angle to spokes [A(13); B, C(10) protofilaments.] -Number of basal body ~ # of flagella Parallel in Cryptophyta, Euglenophyta 180 degrees to each other in Dinophyta Glaucophyta, inclined toward each other Other groups varies ```

Question 26

Flagellar roots

Answer 26

- All algae have them. - Made of microtubules or fibrils - Extended from basal body into cytoplasm. - Can contact orgnelles - Function? Anchoring, stress absorption, sensory - Diverse arrangement and morphology.

Question 27

Flagellar roots: Pavlovales

Answer 27

Look at it.

Question 28

Flagellar roots: Dinophyta

Answer 28

Look at it.

Question 29

Paraxial/Paraxonemal rod

Answer 29

- Paraflagellar rod (PFR) - Extends length of the flagellum - Only in Pedinellales (Chrysophyceae); some Euglenophyta and Dinophyta - Critical for Motility

Question 30

R fiber & S (striated) fiber

Answer 30

- Made of 2-4nm thin filaments, can be as wide as axoneme or PFR - Attached to axoneme via PFR - Can contract; shows striation - Contraction CA2+ dependent. - Sf smaller and covers 3/4 of axoneme

Question 31

Challenges to swimming

Answer 31

-Cytoplasm and skeletal parts are more dense than water. -The env is dominated by viscosity. B/c of low RE, swimming must be asymmetrical. "Scallop theorem." -Dinos can swim @200-500um

Question 32

Heterokont Swimming

Answer 32

- Only flagellum w/hairs active. - Both helical and wave motion. - waves travel from base to end. (Hairs act like oars, cell moves in same direction as flagellar wave.) - Shorter flagellum can act as rudder.

Question 33

Isokont Swimming

Answer 33

- Flagella bend only at base during the effective stroke. - Push away more water than adheres during recovery stroke. - Also rotate while swimming.

Question 34

Desmokont Dinoflagellates

Answer 34

- Longitudinal flagellum-wave moves tip to base. Provides propulsion and steering. Can bend to change direction. - Transverse flagellum is attached and undulates. Propels and causes rotation.

Question 35

Dinokont Dinoflagellates

Answer 35

Longitudinal flagellum provides propulsion and steering. Can bend to change direction. Transverse flagellum propels and causes rotation.

Question 36

Why Swim?

Answer 36

Cells are diffusion limited. Turbulence doesn't help. Fast swimmers can overcome diffusion. Small algae (1-10um) not helped by swimming. But can find "greener pasture."