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Phytoplankton Diversity > Locomotion > Flashcards

Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

How do cyano move?

A

Gliding.

  • Up to 10um
  • Junctional pore complexes secrete slime.
  • Oscillin = glycoproteins, channels slime
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2
Q

How do diatoms move?

A

Gliding.

  • Pennates w/raphe
  • 2 to 14um
  • Path depends on raphe shape
  • Can produce tethers.
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3
Q

Most common flagella swimming?

A

Biflaggellate.

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4
Q

______ swimming is common in green algae.

A

Quadriflagellate.

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5
Q

Name 2 biflagellate algae.

A

Heterokont and isokont.

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6
Q

Another name for hairs.

A

Mastiogeonemes.

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7
Q

Cilia vs. Flagella

A
  • Same 9+2 structure
  • Cilia are shorter, hairlike.
  • Flagella are longer, threadlike.
  • Cilia move faster, more per cell.
  • Flagella move slower, few per cell.
  • Flagella have a propeller like motion, and Cilia have a back and forth beating.
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8
Q

What’s a haptonema?

A

Can be very reduced or long,

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9
Q

What are flagellar scales in Heterokontophyta made of?

A

Silica based.

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10
Q

What are flagellar scales in Haptophyta made of?

A

CaCO3 + Organic

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11
Q

What are flagellar scales in Chlorophyta made of?

A

Organic.

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12
Q

What are the two types of flagellar hairs?

A
  • Non-Tubular (Simple)

- Tubular (Cryptophycean, Tripartite, Prasinophycean)

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13
Q

Euglenophyta flagellar hairs?

A

Non-Tubular
Hairs same on both flagella, long hairs (3-4um, 10nm diam) + many short (~2um, 5nm diam)

(Also found in some glaucophyta and Chlorophyta)

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14
Q

Dinophyta flagellar hairs?

A

Non-Tubular
Transverse Flagellum: 2-4um long, 10nm diam, in bundles w/different sizes.
Longitudinal flagellum: 0.4-0.75um, 10nm diam)

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15
Q

Describe flagellar hairs, tubular.

A

2 or more distinct regions

  • Proximal thick and tubular
  • Distal region simpler

(Cryptophycean, tripartite, prasinophycean)

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16
Q

Flagellar hairs: Cryptophycean

A 
Tubular
-2 opposite row on long flagellum
Promximal: Tubular 1.5-2.5um long
Distal: Nontubular 1um long filament 
-1 row on short flagellum
Proximal: 1-1.5um long
Distal 1um nontubular filament
17
Q

Flagella hairs: Tripartite

A

-Short basal region.
0.2-0.3um long, tapers @ membrane
-Tubular hollow central shaft
0.7-2um long, 16nm diam.
-Distal region
Terminal filaments/fibers
Vary in #, length, diam

18
Q

Flagella hairs: Prasinophycean

A
  • Hairs on all flagella
  • Very diverse in morphology
  • 0.5-3um long
  • > 1 type per flagellum
19
Q

Transition Zone

A
  • Useful indicator of phylogenetic relationships
  • Axoneme and basal body are constant
  • Transition zone varies.
20
Q

Type 1 transition zone: Phaeophyceae

A
  • Simplest
  • 1 basal plate @ inflexion
  • radial fibers connect outside microtubules w/membrane
21
Q

Type 2 transition zone: Euglenophyta

A
  • “plug” instead of basal plate.
  • “spiral” of fibrils
  • Star-Shaped thickening of membrane.
  • Fibers connect to doublets.
22
Q

Type 3 transition zone

A
  • Double, complex plates
  • Distance and material between varies.
  • Dino/Glauco/Hapto and Crypto
23
Q

Type 4 transition zone

A
  • One basal plate @ inflexion
  • “transitional helix”
  • 4 to 6 turns
24
Q

Type 5 transition zone: Chlorophyta

A
  • “Stellate”
  • Longer distal
  • Shorter proximal
  • Basal plate between
  • Looks like a “H” in longitudinal section.
25
Q

Basal Body

A 
=Kinetosome
-Cannot be dissociated from flagella
-Cynlindrical, 0.2um average diam., variable height (avg 0.5um)
-Microtubules in triplets, at angle to spokes [A(13); B, C(10) protofilaments.]
-Number of basal body ~ # of flagella
Parallel in Cryptophyta, Euglenophyta
180 degrees to each other in Dinophyta
Glaucophyta, inclined toward each other
Other groups varies
26
Q

Flagellar roots

A
  • All algae have them.
  • Made of microtubules or fibrils
  • Extended from basal body into cytoplasm.
  • Can contact orgnelles
  • Function? Anchoring, stress absorption, sensory
  • Diverse arrangement and morphology.
27
Q

Flagellar roots: Pavlovales

A

Look at it.

28
Q

Flagellar roots: Dinophyta

A

Look at it.

29
Q

Paraxial/Paraxonemal rod

A
  • Paraflagellar rod (PFR)
  • Extends length of the flagellum
  • Only in Pedinellales (Chrysophyceae); some Euglenophyta and Dinophyta
  • Critical for Motility
30
Q

R fiber & S (striated) fiber

A
  • Made of 2-4nm thin filaments, can be as wide as axoneme or PFR
  • Attached to axoneme via PFR
  • Can contract; shows striation
  • Contraction CA2+ dependent.
  • Sf smaller and covers 3/4 of axoneme
31
Q

Challenges to swimming

A

-Cytoplasm and skeletal parts are more dense than water.
-The env is dominated by viscosity.
B/c of low RE, swimming must be asymmetrical. “Scallop theorem.”
-Dinos can swim @200-500um

32
Q

Heterokont Swimming

A
  • Only flagellum w/hairs active.
  • Both helical and wave motion.
  • waves travel from base to end. (Hairs act like oars, cell moves in same direction as flagellar wave.)
  • Shorter flagellum can act as rudder.
33
Q

Isokont Swimming

A
  • Flagella bend only at base during the effective stroke.
  • Push away more water than adheres during recovery stroke.
  • Also rotate while swimming.
34
Q

Desmokont Dinoflagellates

A
  • Longitudinal flagellum-wave moves tip to base. Provides propulsion and steering. Can bend to change direction.
  • Transverse flagellum is attached and undulates. Propels and causes rotation.
35
Q

Dinokont Dinoflagellates

A

Longitudinal flagellum provides propulsion and steering. Can bend to change direction.
Transverse flagellum propels and causes rotation.

36
Q

Why Swim?

A

Cells are diffusion limited. Turbulence doesn’t help. Fast swimmers can overcome diffusion. Small algae (1-10um) not helped by swimming. But can find “greener pasture.”

Phytoplankton Diversity (6 decks)

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