Locke_Exam_Flashcards
Who was John Locke?
John Locke (1632–1704) was an English philosopher, known as the ‘Father of Liberalism,’ who emphasized natural rights (life, liberty, property), and influenced the Glorious Revolution and modern democratic governance.
What were Locke’s key political actions?
Locke opposed the Stuart monarchy (Charles II and James II), fled to the Netherlands in 1683, and conspired to bring Mary and William III to the English throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
What are the main ideas in Locke’s Two Treatises of Government?
The first treatise refutes (weerlegd) the idea of a divine, God-installed sovereign. The second treatise presents the social contract theory, focusing on the natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and the need for government to be based on the consent of the governed.
How does Locke define the state of nature?
The state of nature is a condition of peace, reason, and equality, governed by natural law. It is distinct from a state of war and involves mutual preservation and goodwill, rather than violence and conflict.
What are the core elements of Locke’s natural law?
1) The right and duty of self-preservation,
2) A duty to preserve humanity,
3) A right to property through labor,
4) The right to punish violators of natural law,
5) The right to seek restitution for harm or injury.
What is the Lockean Proviso?
Property acquisition is legitimate if it satisfies three conditions:
1) Only take as much as you can labor on,
2) Avoid waste and spoilage,
3) Leave enough and as good for others.
What does Locke say about property and labor?
Property originates when labor is mixed with natural resources (e.g., farming or crafting). Labor adds value and transforms resources into private property.
How does Locke justify wage labor and inequality?
Locke permits wage labor and large inequalities in wealth, arguing that they arise naturally with the use of money and increased productivity. Inequality is acceptable as long as the Lockean Proviso is respected.
Why does Locke argue for the need for government?
Governments are needed to:
1) Establish known and settled laws to address differences in interpretation,
2) Provide impartial judges to resolve disputes,
3) Enforce laws and protect rights, ensuring peace and order.
What are the stages of Locke’s social contract?
1) Formation of a community based on mutual agreement,
2) Delegation of power to a government chosen by the majority. The government is bound to serve the community and protect natural rights.
What does Locke say about consent to governance?
Governance requires consent, either explicit (formal agreement) or tacit (implied by using the benefits of government, such as living in its territory).
What happens if a government fails to uphold its duties?
If a government violates natural law or fails to protect rights, people have the right to resist, revolt, and re-establish governance based on the original social contract. Sovereignty remains with the people.
What is Locke’s view on separation of powers?
Locke divides powers into:
1) Legislative (makes laws),
2) Executive (enforces laws),
3) Federative (manages foreign affairs). Prerogative power allows the executive to act for the public good in emergencies.
What is Locke’s prerogative power?
Prerogative power allows the executive to act without or against prescribed laws in emergencies for the public good. It is based on trust and must be judged by the people.
What is Locke’s stance on toleration?
Locke advocates for religious toleration, arguing that the state should not interfere in individual beliefs. However, he excludes atheists (considered immoral) and Catholics (due to divided loyalties).
