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Purposive Communication > LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS > Flashcards

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS Flashcards

1
Q

“Every country has its own way of saying things. The important thing is which lies behind people’s words.”

A

FreyaStark

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2
Q

Result misunderstanding

A

Cultural Differences

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3
Q

Heart of Culture

A

Language

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4
Q

When did the British reach the lands of the Americans by sea?

A

between the 16th and 17th centuries

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5
Q

One of the aspects where these two varieties of
English differ

A

Vocabulary

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6
Q

American English : First floor

A

British English : Ground floor

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7
Q

American English : Second floor

A

British English : First floor

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8
Q

American English : Apartment

A

British English : Flat

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9
Q

American English : Eggplant

A

British English : Aubergine

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10
Q

American English : Hood

A

British English : Bonnet

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11
Q

American English : Trunk (of a car)

A

British English : Hood (of a car)

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12
Q

American English : Drugstore

A

British English : Chemist’s

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13
Q

American English : Garbage can

A

British English : Dustbin

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14
Q

American English : Parking lot

A

British English : Car park

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15
Q

American English : Elevator

A

British English : Lift

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16
Q

Aside from the vocabulary, AmE and BrE also differs in

A

Pronunciation

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17
Q

British settlers in America spoke using the _____________ where the ‘r’ sounds of words are pronounced.

A

rhotic speech

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18
Q

Differences when it comes to the pronunciation of AmE and BrE;

A

1) differences in stress
2) difference in pronunciation of words ending in -ile
3) difference in the pronunciation of the letter ‘a’
4) the sound of ‘r’ is stronger in AmE
5) difference in the pronunciation of the words ending in -ization
6) the letter ‘t’ in the middle of a word can be pronounced like a fast ‘d’ in AmE

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19
Q

Aside from vocabulary and pronunciation, AmE and BrE differs in _______________

A

Spelling

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20
Q

Words ending in -re in BrE end in -er in AmE

A

centre-cente ; litre-liter

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21
Q

Words ending in -our in BrE end in -or in
AmE

A

colour-color;humour-humor

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22
Q

Words ending in -ize or -ise in BrE end in -ize
in AmE

A

organize/organise-organize

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23
Q

Words ending in -yse in BrE end in -yze in
AmE

A

paralyse-paralyze

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24
Q

Words ending in -l in BrE end in -ll in AmE

A

traveller-traveler

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25
Q

Words spelled with double vowels (ae or oe)are just spelled with an e in AmE

A

manoeuver-manuever

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26
Q

Nouns ending with -ence in BrE are spelled
-ense in AmE

A

licence-license

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27
Q

Nouns ending with -ogue in BrE end with
either -og or-ouge in AmE

A

catalogue-catalog/catalogue

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28
Q

Aside from vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling, AmE and BrE differs in _______________

A

grammar

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29
Q

The British are also more likelyto use formal speech such as ___________ as compared to ‘will’ which Americans favor.

A

Shall

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30
Q

American English : Don’t Need

A

British English : Needn’t

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31
Q

English is not only a tool of
communication among native speakers but also a language institutionalized inmanyformer British and American colonies and a ______________ used all around the world.

A

lingua franca

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32
Q

Oneof the ways to understand and study this phenomenon is according to _____________

A

Kachru’s three concentric circles model.

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33
Q

first introduced with the term ‘World Englishes’in1985,

A

Kachru’s model

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34
Q

presents the countrieswhere English is used as a native languageand as a first language among people. These countries include the USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

A

Inner Circle

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35
Q

includes countries that
have old historical British colonial
relations and where English is commonly used in social life or the government
sectors. Most of the countries that belong to this circle are former colonies of the British Empire, such as India, Malaysia, Singapore, Ghana, Kenya, and others. Theusage of English in these countries is similar to what is known as English as asecond language

A

Outer Circle

36
Q

includes countries that introduce English as a foreignlanguage in schools and universities mostly for communicating in English withtheInner and Outer Circles. Such countries include Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Japan, China, Korea and, others.

A

Expanding Circle

37
Q

As Devrim and Bayyurt (2010) aptly state “It is an undeniable fact that English has become a __________

A

global lingua franca

38
Q

In the process of learning English as either a second language or a foreign language, people from the outer and expanding circles develop an ____________

A

Interlanguage

39
Q

results from several language-learning processes such as borrowing patterns from the mother tongue, extending patterns from the target language and
expressing meanings using thewords and grammar that are already known (Richards,Platt&Platt,1997).

A

Interlanguage

40
Q

derives from US English, normallyuses US spelling conventions and vocabulary variants, andisrhotic. In mesolectal and basilectal accents the / r / is analveolar flap, not a semivowel. The vowel inventory isreduced in ways typical of ‘New Englishes’.

A

Philippine English

41
Q

Phonological features for Philippine English Bautista and Gonzalez (2009)

A

1 absence of schwa
2 absence of aspiration of stops in all positions；
GEC06 63 substitution of [a] for [æ], [ɔ] for [o], [ɪ] for [i], [ɛ] for [e]；
4 substitution of [s] for [z], [ʃ] for [ʒ], [t] for [θ], [d] for [ð], [p] for [f], [b] for [v]；
5 simplification of consonant cluster in final position；
6 syllable-timed, rather than stress-timed, rhythm；
7 shift in placement of accents.

42
Q

Characteristics of the grammar, even among highly educated Filipinos Bautista and Gonzalez (2009)

A
  1. lack of subject-verb agreement, especially in the presence of an intervening prepositional phrase or expression；
  2. faulty tense-aspect usage including unusual use of verb forms and tenses, especially use of the past perfect tense for the simple past or present perfect；3. lack of tense harmony；
  3. modals would and could used for will and can；
  4. adverbial placed at the end of the clause, not between auxiliary and main verb；
  5. non-idiomatic two- or three-word verbs；
  6. variable article usage – missing article where an article is required; an article where no article is required；
  7. faulty noun subcategorization, including non-pluralization of count nouns and pluralization of mass nouns；
  8. lack of agreement between pronoun and antecedent；
  9. ‘one of the’ is followed by a singular noun.
43
Q

In the Philippines, code-switching between English and the local languageisextensively used by urban Filipinos comfortable in both languages. Therefore, it ishard to tell what is simply Tagalog and what is borrowed into English.

A

Lexis

44
Q

Lexis in the Philippines

A

code-switching

45
Q

Code-mixing English and Tagalog is a characteristic way for educated people to vary style.

A

Pragmatics

46
Q

A pragmatic of filipinos, a characteristic way for educated people combine English and Tagalog

A

Code-mixing

47
Q

Used as lingua franca for trade or any other practical interaction(Mooney and Evans, 2015). It uses words from the languages of both communicatorsto understand each other, but it is not the language of either communicator

A

Pidgins

48
Q

language providing vocabulary is the

A

lexifier

49
Q

language that provides syntactic structure is called the

A

substrate

50
Q

After an extended use of a pidgin in a community, it becomes a

A

creole.

51
Q

A restricted language whicharises for the purposes of communication between two social groups of whichoneisin a more dominant position than the other.

A

pidgin

52
Q

arose in colonial situations where there presentatives of the particular colonial power, soldiers, sailors, tradesmen, etc., came in contact with natives. The latter were more or less forced to develop some form of communication with the former.

A

Historically pidgins

53
Q

HIstory of Pidgin

A
  • Chinese corruption of the word business.
    -Portuguese ocupaçao meaning ‘trade, job, occupation’
    -A form from the South American language Yayo ‘-pidian’ meaning ‘people’ (claimput forward by Kleinecke, 1959)
    -the term is derived from ‘pequeno portugues’ whichis used in Angola for the broken Portuguese spoken by the illiterate
    -Hebrew word ‘pidjom’ meaning ‘barter’
54
Q

General features of pidgins: does not contain any difficult elements

A

phonology

55
Q

General features of pidgins: always analytic in type

A

morphology

56
Q

General features of pidgins: quite unsophisticated as one might expect

A

Syntax

57
Q

General features of pidgins: meant that two or more verbs are usedone after the other (in a series) to express some aspectual distinction, e.g. that anaction has begun, as in i go start bigin tich ‘he started teaching’, lit. ‘he went startedbegan teach’

A

serialisation

58
Q

General features of pidgins: a feature ontheother hand which has been overestimated in its significance as a pidgin feature. It isto be found in a number of long-established languages - e.g. in Italian - and is thus apoor indication

A

Reduplication

59
Q

General features of pidgins: derived solely from the environment inwhich it is spoken.

A

Lexicon

60
Q

which Hall (1959) called the “silent language” areexpressive human attributes that impart feelings, attitudes, reactions and judgmentswhich need to be given continued attention because they are acquired mainly throughacculturation (adopting the traits of another cultural group).

A

Nonverbal behaviors,

61
Q

The “thumbs up” sign is considered obscene

A

Australia

62
Q

Your hands should be visible at all times even when seated at a table.

A

France

63
Q

Gum chewing in public is rude. It is impolite to put your hands in your pocket

A

Germany

64
Q

Maintain a two arm’s length distance with the person. Touchingandpatting are taboo

A

Hongkong

65
Q

When you are in a private home or mosque, be sure to remove yourshoes. Hugging and kissing in public is inappropriate

A

Indonesia

66
Q

Keep your shoes in good condition and spotlessly clean becauseaJapanese inspects them as he bows. To the Japanese, laughter canmeanconfusion rather than reacting to something funny.

A

Japan

67
Q

Expect greetings to be very emotional. To show mutual respect, twomenhold each other’s hand in public. When reaching or offering something, be sure to use your right hand. Using left hand is considered as a taboo.

A

Saudi Arabia

68
Q

Gesture with your entire hand in conversation. Your feet shouldbe usedfor walking—nothing else

A

Singapore

69
Q

It is considered good manners to acknowledge an older personbystanding when the person enters the room.

A

South Korea

70
Q

When meeting someone, respect space by maintaining a twoarm’s-length distance. Men should wait for a British woman to extendher hand before shaking hands. When meeting someone, rather thansaying “It’s nice to meet you”, a more appropriate response is “How do you do?

A

United Kingdom

71
Q

VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : it rarely never changes (laws, policies)

A

Very formal, frozen or static register

72
Q

VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : - This is the normal style of
speaking between communicators who use mutually accepted language that
conforms to formal societal standards
(teacher and student, doctor and patient)

A

Neutral, professional or consultative register

73
Q

VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : - impersonal and one-way in nature (news
reports, of icial speeches)

A

Formal or regulated register

74
Q

VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : informal language betweenpeers, friends which uses slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms (conversations,chat, tweets, personal letters)

A

Informal, group or casual register

75
Q

VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : This is the privateintimate language reserved for family members or intimate people (girlfriendand boyfriend, siblings, parent and child).

A

. Very informal, personal or intimate register-

76
Q

The only lingua franca that can exist between or among people of different language is English.

A

True

77
Q

Kachru (1985) proposed the World Englishes categories into three circles sorting the native speaker of English from foreign speakers.

A

True

78
Q

World Englishes is the linguistic term referring to varieties of English.

A

True

79
Q

There is a tendency for a person to speak English using his own native accent influenced by culture and race.

A

True

80
Q

Englishes is just a plural form of English suggesting that World Englishes and World English are of the same meaning

A

False

81
Q

Aside from spoken words, para-verbal/paralanguage components are also important in communicating.

A

True

82
Q

Recognizing that there are World Englishes means that there are different ways how a community can express their thoughts with English language.

A

True

83
Q

The global spread of English can be because of migration and colonialism.

A

True

84
Q

Philippines is part of the Kachru’s inner circle and have learned English through migration.

A

True

85
Q

The concept of World Englishes emphasizes that there is no standard English as long as people understand each other using the language.

A

True

86
Q

American: ___________ - British: Neighbourhood
*

A

Neighborhood

Purposive Communication (3 decks)

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