LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS Flashcards
“Every country has its own way of saying things. The important thing is which lies behind people’s words.”
FreyaStark
Result misunderstanding
Cultural Differences
Heart of Culture
Language
When did the British reach the lands of the Americans by sea?
between the 16th and 17th centuries
One of the aspects where these two varieties of
English differ
Vocabulary
American English : First floor
British English : Ground floor
American English : Second floor
British English : First floor
American English : Apartment
British English : Flat
American English : Eggplant
British English : Aubergine
American English : Hood
British English : Bonnet
American English : Trunk (of a car)
British English : Hood (of a car)
American English : Drugstore
British English : Chemist’s
American English : Garbage can
British English : Dustbin
American English : Parking lot
British English : Car park
American English : Elevator
British English : Lift
Aside from the vocabulary, AmE and BrE also differs in
Pronunciation
British settlers in America spoke using the _____________ where the ‘r’ sounds of words are pronounced.
rhotic speech
Differences when it comes to the pronunciation of AmE and BrE;
1) differences in stress
2) difference in pronunciation of words ending in -ile
3) difference in the pronunciation of the letter ‘a’
4) the sound of ‘r’ is stronger in AmE
5) difference in the pronunciation of the words ending in -ization
6) the letter ‘t’ in the middle of a word can be pronounced like a fast ‘d’ in AmE
Aside from vocabulary and pronunciation, AmE and BrE differs in _______________
Spelling
Words ending in -re in BrE end in -er in AmE
centre-cente ; litre-liter
Words ending in -our in BrE end in -or in
AmE
colour-color;humour-humor
Words ending in -ize or -ise in BrE end in -ize
in AmE
organize/organise-organize
Words ending in -yse in BrE end in -yze in
AmE
paralyse-paralyze
Words ending in -l in BrE end in -ll in AmE
traveller-traveler
Words spelled with double vowels (ae or oe)are just spelled with an e in AmE
manoeuver-manuever
Nouns ending with -ence in BrE are spelled
-ense in AmE
licence-license
Nouns ending with -ogue in BrE end with
either -og or-ouge in AmE
catalogue-catalog/catalogue
Aside from vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling, AmE and BrE differs in _______________
grammar
The British are also more likelyto use formal speech such as ___________ as compared to ‘will’ which Americans favor.
Shall
American English : Don’t Need
British English : Needn’t
English is not only a tool of
communication among native speakers but also a language institutionalized inmanyformer British and American colonies and a ______________ used all around the world.
lingua franca
Oneof the ways to understand and study this phenomenon is according to _____________
Kachru’s three concentric circles model.
first introduced with the term ‘World Englishes’in1985,
Kachru’s model
presents the countrieswhere English is used as a native languageand as a first language among people. These countries include the USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Inner Circle
includes countries that
have old historical British colonial
relations and where English is commonly used in social life or the government
sectors. Most of the countries that belong to this circle are former colonies of the British Empire, such as India, Malaysia, Singapore, Ghana, Kenya, and others. Theusage of English in these countries is similar to what is known as English as asecond language
Outer Circle
includes countries that introduce English as a foreignlanguage in schools and universities mostly for communicating in English withtheInner and Outer Circles. Such countries include Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Japan, China, Korea and, others.
Expanding Circle
As Devrim and Bayyurt (2010) aptly state “It is an undeniable fact that English has become a __________
global lingua franca
In the process of learning English as either a second language or a foreign language, people from the outer and expanding circles develop an ____________
Interlanguage
results from several language-learning processes such as borrowing patterns from the mother tongue, extending patterns from the target language and
expressing meanings using thewords and grammar that are already known (Richards,Platt&Platt,1997).
Interlanguage
derives from US English, normallyuses US spelling conventions and vocabulary variants, andisrhotic. In mesolectal and basilectal accents the / r / is analveolar flap, not a semivowel. The vowel inventory isreduced in ways typical of ‘New Englishes’.
Philippine English
Phonological features for Philippine English Bautista and Gonzalez (2009)
1 absence of schwa
2 absence of aspiration of stops in all positions；
GEC06 63 substitution of [a] for [æ], [ɔ] for [o], [ɪ] for [i], [ɛ] for [e]；
4 substitution of [s] for [z], [ʃ] for [ʒ], [t] for [θ], [d] for [ð], [p] for [f], [b] for [v]；
5 simplification of consonant cluster in final position；
6 syllable-timed, rather than stress-timed, rhythm；
7 shift in placement of accents.
Characteristics of the grammar, even among highly educated Filipinos Bautista and Gonzalez (2009)
- lack of subject-verb agreement, especially in the presence of an intervening prepositional phrase or expression；
- faulty tense-aspect usage including unusual use of verb forms and tenses, especially use of the past perfect tense for the simple past or present perfect；3. lack of tense harmony；
- modals would and could used for will and can；
- adverbial placed at the end of the clause, not between auxiliary and main verb；
- non-idiomatic two- or three-word verbs；
- variable article usage – missing article where an article is required; an article where no article is required；
- faulty noun subcategorization, including non-pluralization of count nouns and pluralization of mass nouns；
- lack of agreement between pronoun and antecedent；
- ‘one of the’ is followed by a singular noun.
In the Philippines, code-switching between English and the local languageisextensively used by urban Filipinos comfortable in both languages. Therefore, it ishard to tell what is simply Tagalog and what is borrowed into English.
Lexis
Lexis in the Philippines
code-switching
Code-mixing English and Tagalog is a characteristic way for educated people to vary style.
Pragmatics
A pragmatic of filipinos, a characteristic way for educated people combine English and Tagalog
Code-mixing
Used as lingua franca for trade or any other practical interaction(Mooney and Evans, 2015). It uses words from the languages of both communicatorsto understand each other, but it is not the language of either communicator
Pidgins
language providing vocabulary is the
lexifier
language that provides syntactic structure is called the
substrate
After an extended use of a pidgin in a community, it becomes a
creole.
A restricted language whicharises for the purposes of communication between two social groups of whichoneisin a more dominant position than the other.
pidgin
arose in colonial situations where there presentatives of the particular colonial power, soldiers, sailors, tradesmen, etc., came in contact with natives. The latter were more or less forced to develop some form of communication with the former.
Historically pidgins
HIstory of Pidgin
- Chinese corruption of the word business.
-Portuguese ocupaçao meaning ‘trade, job, occupation’
-A form from the South American language Yayo ‘-pidian’ meaning ‘people’ (claimput forward by Kleinecke, 1959)
-the term is derived from ‘pequeno portugues’ whichis used in Angola for the broken Portuguese spoken by the illiterate
-Hebrew word ‘pidjom’ meaning ‘barter’
General features of pidgins: does not contain any difficult elements
phonology
General features of pidgins: always analytic in type
morphology
General features of pidgins: quite unsophisticated as one might expect
Syntax
General features of pidgins: meant that two or more verbs are usedone after the other (in a series) to express some aspectual distinction, e.g. that anaction has begun, as in i go start bigin tich ‘he started teaching’, lit. ‘he went startedbegan teach’
serialisation
General features of pidgins: a feature ontheother hand which has been overestimated in its significance as a pidgin feature. It isto be found in a number of long-established languages - e.g. in Italian - and is thus apoor indication
Reduplication
General features of pidgins: derived solely from the environment inwhich it is spoken.
Lexicon
which Hall (1959) called the “silent language” areexpressive human attributes that impart feelings, attitudes, reactions and judgmentswhich need to be given continued attention because they are acquired mainly throughacculturation (adopting the traits of another cultural group).
Nonverbal behaviors,
The “thumbs up” sign is considered obscene
Australia
Your hands should be visible at all times even when seated at a table.
France
Gum chewing in public is rude. It is impolite to put your hands in your pocket
Germany
Maintain a two arm’s length distance with the person. Touchingandpatting are taboo
Hongkong
When you are in a private home or mosque, be sure to remove yourshoes. Hugging and kissing in public is inappropriate
Indonesia
Keep your shoes in good condition and spotlessly clean becauseaJapanese inspects them as he bows. To the Japanese, laughter canmeanconfusion rather than reacting to something funny.
Japan
Expect greetings to be very emotional. To show mutual respect, twomenhold each other’s hand in public. When reaching or offering something, be sure to use your right hand. Using left hand is considered as a taboo.
Saudi Arabia
Gesture with your entire hand in conversation. Your feet shouldbe usedfor walking—nothing else
Singapore
It is considered good manners to acknowledge an older personbystanding when the person enters the room.
South Korea
When meeting someone, respect space by maintaining a twoarm’s-length distance. Men should wait for a British woman to extendher hand before shaking hands. When meeting someone, rather thansaying “It’s nice to meet you”, a more appropriate response is “How do you do?
United Kingdom
VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : it rarely never changes (laws, policies)
Very formal, frozen or static register
VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : - This is the normal style of
speaking between communicators who use mutually accepted language that
conforms to formal societal standards
(teacher and student, doctor and patient)
Neutral, professional or consultative register
VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : - impersonal and one-way in nature (news
reports, of icial speeches)
Formal or regulated register
VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : informal language betweenpeers, friends which uses slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms (conversations,chat, tweets, personal letters)
Informal, group or casual register
VARIETIES OF REGISTERS : This is the privateintimate language reserved for family members or intimate people (girlfriendand boyfriend, siblings, parent and child).
. Very informal, personal or intimate register-
The only lingua franca that can exist between or among people of different language is English.
True
Kachru (1985) proposed the World Englishes categories into three circles sorting the native speaker of English from foreign speakers.
True
World Englishes is the linguistic term referring to varieties of English.
True
There is a tendency for a person to speak English using his own native accent influenced by culture and race.
True
Englishes is just a plural form of English suggesting that World Englishes and World English are of the same meaning
False
Aside from spoken words, para-verbal/paralanguage components are also important in communicating.
True
Recognizing that there are World Englishes means that there are different ways how a community can express their thoughts with English language.
True
The global spread of English can be because of migration and colonialism.
True
Philippines is part of the Kachru’s inner circle and have learned English through migration.
True
The concept of World Englishes emphasizes that there is no standard English as long as people understand each other using the language.
True
American: ___________ - British: Neighbourhood
*
Neighborhood
