LO7 and LO8- Respiratory, Digestion, Urinary Flashcards
1
Q
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
A
Obtain oxygen for cells, remove carbon dioxide
2
Q
What are secondary functions of respiratory system?
A
Filter and warm incoming air, aid in speech, aid in sense of smell, regulation of blood pH by removal of CO2
3
Q
What is cellular respiration and where does it take place?
A
Glucose+O2–> Energy (ATP)+CO2+H20. Takes place in mitochondria
4
Q
What cells are respiratory tract lined with?
A
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Has goblet cells that produce mucus and the cilia that sweeps mucus towards pharynx to be swallowed or spit out.
EXCEPTION: Alveoli are simple squamous because no mucus so we can do gas exchange there
5
Q
Is the larynx part of the upper or lower respiratory tract?
A
Upper
6
Q
Is the trachea part of the upper or lower respiratory tract?
A
Lower
7
Q
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
A
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
8
Q
Describe what the larynx is
A
The “voice box”, formed by thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) and is passageway into trachea
9
Q
What is the epiglottis?
A
Partially covers opening into larynx when swallowing, made of elastic cartilage, contains vocal chords which vibrate to produce sound
10
Q
What is the trachea?
A
Rings of hyaline cartilage that holds trachea open. One side can expand posteriorly so food can fit down esophagus
11
Q
How many branches does the primary bronchi have?
A
2, one into each of the right and left lungs
12
Q
How many branches does each primary bronchi branch into? (secondary bronchi)
A
Right branch= 3 lobes
Left branch= 2 lobes
13
Q
What is the order of the bronchial tree from trachea to alveoli?
A
Primary bronchi–> secondary bronchi–> bronchioles–> alveolar ducts–> alveoli
14
Q
What is the size of the lungs in the body?
A
From clavicle to diaphragm
15
Q
What is the structure of the lungs?
A
Consist of alveoli, elastic tissue, and bronchial passages. Contains respiratory membrane
16
Q
What is structure and function of respiratory membrane?
A
Single cell thick alveolar and capillary walls, allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass back and forth via diffusion
17
Q
What is the pleura?
A
Moist, slippery serous membrane. Parietal pleura lines chest cavity, visceral pleura covers outer surface of lungs, pleural cavity is space between
18
Q
What is function of pleura?
A
reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing
19
Q
What are the 5 steps of respiration?
A
- Pulmonary ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Transportation 4. Internal respiration 5. Cellular respiration
20
Q
What is pulmonary ventilation?
A
Basically breathing. Inspiration and Expiration
21
Q
What is Inspiration? Is it active or passive?
A
Air moving into lungs. Diaphragm contracts and moves downward and thoracic cavity increases. This is ACTIVE- uses muscles
22
Q
What is expiration? Active or passive?
A
Air movement out of lungs. Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward. Thoracic cavity decreases in size. PASSIVE
23
Q
What part of the brain controls breathing?
A
Pons and Medulla Oblongata
24
Q
What is external respiration?
A
Exchange of gases in lungs. CO2 moves out of lung capillary blood into alveolar air and then out of body, oxygen moves from alveoli into lung capillaries, all occurs thru respiratory membrane
25
What is transportation?
Movement of gases in blood. O2 goes to hemoglobin--> oxyhemoglobin
CO2 is transported- some is bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
Most is dissolved in plasma as HCO3 (bicarbonate)
26
What is internal respiration?
Exchange of gases in the tissues. O2 moves out of capillary blood into cells and CO2 moves from cells into capillary blood
27
What is cellular respiration?
Occurs in mitochondria of cells. O2+ glucose--> CO2 +H2O+ ATP
28
How does blood become oxygenated?
Oxygen (O2) diffuses from the alveoli through the respiratory membrane and into the pulmonary capillaries. This is called external respiration.
29
How does oxygen becomes carbon dioxide?
Within the mitochondria of cells, in the presence of oxygen, glucose is converted to pyruvic acid which is then oxidized to produce energy in the form of ATP. This is called cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a waste product of this process.
30
How does blood become deoxygenated?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuses from the body cells, through the interstitial fluid and into the systemic capillaries. This is called internal respiration.
31
How is oxygen transported in blood?
The majority of oxygen (O2) is transported bound to iron in the heme units of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of the blood. This is called oxyhemoglobin. A small amount is transported dissolved in the blood plasma.
32
How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?
Some carbon dioxide (CO2) is transported bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin. A small amount is transported dissolved in the blood plasma as carbon dioxide (CO2). The majority of carbon dioxide is turned into bicarbonate (HCO3-) which dissolves in the plasma and is transported in this form from the body cells to the lungs.
33
What is the end product of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides (glucose)
34
What is end product of proteins?
Amino acids
35
What is end product of Lipids?
Fatty acids and Glycerol
36
What type of glands are the salivary glands? What are their names?
Exocrine glands- have ducts that secrete onto surfaces of tissues. 3 pairs- Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual
37
What enzymes are in saliva?
Salivary amylase- breaks down complex carbs into disaccharides
Lysozyme- helps destroy bacteria
38
What is at distal end of esophagus?
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)- regulates movement of food from esophagus into stomach and prevent regurgitation
39
What are the 2 stages of swallowing?
Voluntary- tongue elevates and moves bolus into oropharynx
Involuntary- reflex center in medulla oblongata triggered by food bolus entering oropharynx
40
What are steps of involuntary swallowing reflex?
Soft palate- rises and closes off nasopharynx
Epiglottis-closes larynx
Esophagus- peristalsis=wavelike contractions
LES- contracts preventing food from moving back up
41
What type of things are absorbed in the stomach?
Alcohol and lipid soluble drugs (ie. Aspirin)
42
What are the parts of the gastric juice of stomach?
Pepsin-begins digestion of proteins
Hydrochloric acid-activates enzymes and causes juices to be acidic
Mucus- protects mucosa from HCl and pepsin
Intrinsic factor- aids in absorption of bit B12 from small intestine
43
Which sphincter muscle is between lower part of stomach and duodenum?
Pyloric sphincter muscle
44
What liquids are in small intestine?
Intestinal juice, bile from liver, pancreatic juice
45
Where are glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol absorbed into in small intestine?
Glucose and AA's--> into capillary beds in villi
Fatty acids and glycerol--> into lymphatic capillaries in villi
46
Which sphincter is between the ileum and the large intestine?
Ileocecal sphincter
47
What is function of large intestine?
Absorbs H2O and electrolytes, produces mucus, absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria (B vits, Vit K), forms and eliminates feces
48
What is the largest internal organ of body?
Liver- fills right upper quadrant or abdo cavity and extends to left side
49
What is function of liver?
-Produces and secretes bile (which contains byproducts from hemoglobin destruction--> bilirubin, biliverdin)
-Emulsifies large lipid molecules into smaller ones
-Stores iron and fat-soluble vitamins--> A,D,E,K and B12
-Stores excess glucose as glycogen
-Converts non-carbs into glucose when needed
-Produces plasma proteins-- prothrombin and fibrinogen (needed for blood clotting)
-Detoxification of drugs, poisons, alcohol
50
What is purpose of gallbladder?
-Stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver between meals
-Bile empties into duodenum via the common bile duct
51
Which duct drains bile from liver?
Common hepatic duct
52
Which duct drains bile stores in gallbladder?
Cystic duct
53
Which duct empties into duodenum and is formed by union of common hepatic duct and cystic duct?
Common bile duct
54
Which duct drains the pancreatic juices into duodenum?
Pancreatic duct
55
Which organ has endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas
56
What is function of pancreas?
Endocrine function: secretes hormones glucagon and insulin into blood to control blood glucose levels
Exocrine: main pancreatic duct empties into duodenum. Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice into pancreatic ducts
57
What does pancreatic juice contain?
Digestive enzymes to digest: proteins, lipids, carbs
Bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids
58
What are 4 layers of alimentary canal from most deep to most superficial?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
59
What are the 3 movements of the alimentary canal?
Mixing- rhythmic contraction of small segments that helps mix food with enzymes
Segmentation- back and forth movement that helps mix food with enzymes and breaks it into smaller pieces
Peristalsis- wavelike contraction of wall that helps propel food forward
60
What 3 sources of energy are obtained from digestive system?
Carbs- primary source of energy
Lipids- Secondary source
Proteins-Tertiary source, used especially if body is stressed
61
What other nutrients are obtained from digestive system but are essential for life?
Vitamins--> fat soluble and water soluble
Minerals (electrolytes)
Water
62
What are nutrients that do not need to be digested, only stored?
Water, vitamins, electrolytes
63
What is function of the urinary system?
To maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
-removes toxins and protein wastes eg. urea
-regulates levels of chemicals in blood
-regulates pH
-regulates blood volume and blood pressure
-regulates RBC production--> secretion of hormone erythropoietin
64
What are the 3 regions of the kidneys?
Renal cortex- outer layer contains nephrons
Renal Medulla-middle portion contains collecting ducts that drain urine from nephrons
Renal Pelvis-inner portion of kidney, a basin to collect the urine from the collecting ducts and funnel it into the ureters
65
What are nephrons?
Microscopic functional units of the kidney (1 million/kidney)
66
What do nephrons do?
Produce urine by removing wastes from blood and returning necessary substances and regulating water and electrolyte concentrations. Acts like a sorting facility
67
What does urine contain?
Protein wastes (urea), excess H2O, excess electrolytes
68
What are the 3 stages of urine formation?
1. Filtration
2. Reabsorption
3. Secretion
69
Describe stage 1 of Urine formation.
Filtration- water and dissolved substances exit the blood and enter the nephron (urine) which removes wastes, electorolytes, and acids
70
Describe stage 2 of urine formation
Reabsorption- return of water and dissolved substances from the nephron back into the blood. eg. glucose should be 100% reabsorbed in healthy person and 99% of water and sodium reabsorbed
71
Describe stage 3 of urine formation
Secretion- substances move from blood into the nephron. eg. potassium, hydrogen, some drugs
72
What two hormones help regulate urine formation?
Antidiuretic hormone and Aldosterone
73
What does antidiuretic hormone do?
Increases water reabsorption in the kidney which increases blood volume and decreases urine volume
74
What does aldosterone do?
Increases sodium reabsorption (at expense of K)
-water follows sodium resulting in decreased urine volume
-increases blood volume and potassium gets excreted
75
What does the renal artery carry?
Carries oxygenated blood and is also high in protein wastes that need to be removed to urine
76
What does renal vein carry?
Carries deoxygenated blood and is higher in carbon dioxide but lower in protein wastes
77
What are the ureters?
Narrow tubes that are retroperitoneal and travel from kidney to bladder
78
What are ureters lined with?
Mucous membrane-- mucus from goblet cells helps protect from low pH of urine
79
What is the function of the ureters?
To drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
80
What are the 3 processes that causes urine to flow through the ureters?
1 Gravity
2 Peristalsis of smooth muscle of ureters
3 Fluid pressure from continuous production of urine
81
What is another name for the urinary bladder?
The detrusor muscle
82
What is the urinary bladder lined with?
Mucous membrane- to protect from low pH
83
What is approx capacity of adult bladder?
500-1000 mL
84
Does the bladder relax or contract under parasympathetic stimulation?
Contracts
85
What is the urethra?
Small tube from base of urinary bladder to exterior of body. Functions to move urine from bladder and out
86
What is micturition?
The process by which urine is expelled from the urinary bladder
87
What is the sympathetic response related to urine?
Retaining urine is sympathetic
88
What is parasympathetic response related to urine?
Eliminating urine... pee when relaxed
89
What 2 sphincters are involved in micturition?
Internal urethral sphincter and external urethral sphincter
90
Which urinary sphincter is involuntary?
Internal- made of smooth muscle
91
Which urinary sphincter is voluntary once potty trained?
External- made of skeletal muscle
92
What is the purpose of the testes?
Primary organ of male repro system. Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male sex hormone (testosterone)
93
What are the 2 external accessory organs of the male repro system?
Scrotum (encloses and protects testes) and Penis (conveys urine and seminal fluid to outside of body)
94
What are the 2 internal accessory organ structures of the male repro system?
-Duct system (tube like passage for sperm that carries them from testes and out)
-Glandular organs (add fluid)
95
What is the epididymis and what happens there?
Stores sperm cells from testes and is the site of sperm maturation. Sperm learn to swim here
96
What are the 2 parts of the duct system and what do they do? Hint: after the sperm learns to swim
Ductus (vas) deferens- receives sperm from epididymis and transports it to ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory duct- passes thru prostate gland and transports sperm from vas deferens to urethra
97
What are the 3 glandular organs in the male repro system?
Seminal vesicles- secrete alkaline fluid into ejaculatory duct to help sperm motility. Also contains sugar (fructose) to provide energy for sperm
Prostate gland-secretes thin milky alkaline fluid into urethra to help sperm move
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland- secrete alkaline fluid into urethra to reduce acidity of urethra and acts as lubricant for head of penis
98
What is spermatogenesis?
The process of sperm production. It involves meiosis and occurs continuously through the reproductive life of a male
99
What is primary male hormone and what does it do?
Promotes maturation of sperm and development of secondary sex characteristics
100
What are ovaries?
The primary organs of the female repro system. They are anchored to the uterus by the ovarian ligament
101
What do the ovaries do?
Produce sex cells called eggs or ova through meiosis and produces estrogen and progesterone
102
What are the internal accessory organs of the female repro system? (3)
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
103
What are the uterine (fallopian) tubes and what happens in them?
Tubes with a distal end of fimbriae (fingers) that catch the egg and proximal end that opens into uterus.
They move the egg by peristalsis and ciliated epithelium
-USUAL SITE FOR FERTILIZATION
104
What are the 3 regions of the uterus?
Hollow, muscular organ. 3 regions are Fundus- the superior dome shaped portion
Body- wide midportion
Cervix-inferior narrowed portion that opens into vagina
105
What is the endometrium?
Lining of the uterus that develops monthly and sheds in menstruation
106
What is the function of the vagina?
Fibro-muscular tube that extends from cervix to outside. Acts as outlet for menstrual flow, receptable for semen, and acts as birth canal for vaginal baby delivery
107
What are the 4 parts of the vulva?
Clitoris- erectile tissue of female
Labia Majora- outer folds
Labia Minora- inner folds
Bartholin's gland (vestibular gland)- secreted lubricating fluid
108
What are mammary glands?
Considered part of female repro system, specialized to secrete milk after pregnancy
109
How long is the average menstrual cycle?
24-36 days
110
Does a menstrual cycle occur during pregnancy or lactation?
NO
111
What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?
Menses- day 1-5
Proliferative phase- days 6-14\
Ovulation- day 14
Secretory phase- days 15-28
112
What happens during the proliferative phase of menstrual cycle?
Follicles mature (stimulated by FSH from anterior pituitary) and uterine lining thickens, estrogen increases
113
What happens during ovulation?
Triggered by luteinizing hormone, ovum is released from ovary that moves into fallopian tubes to await fertilization
114
What happens in the secretory phase?
Starts after ovulation, uterine lining continues to thicken and progesterone increases
