LO3 Notes

Question 1

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

Answer 1

Blood cell formation in red bone marrow in adults

Question 2

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Answer 2

Compact bone and spongy bone

Question 3

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 3

The shaft of compact bone

Question 4

What is epiphyses?

Answer 4

The ends of spongy bone and contains the red bone marrow

Question 5

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 5

The long hollow tube in the centre of diaphysis that is filled with yellow bone marrow that stores fat

Question 6

What is the periosteum?

Answer 6

The membrane attached to the outside of the bone which provides protection, holds cells for bone formation/repair, has blood vessels for nourishment and provides attachment for muscles

Question 7

3 types of bone cells and what do they do?

Answer 7

Osteocytes- mature bone cells that keep bone alive and are trapped in a matrix
Osteoblasts- bone forming cells (builders)
Osteoclasts- bones dissolving cells (cleaners) that clean up old bone

Question 8

Condyle

Answer 8

rounded process that articulates with another bone

Question 9

Head

Answer 9

enlargement at end of bone

Question 10

Crest

Answer 10

narrow ridge-like projection

Question 11

Meatus

Answer 11

tube-like passageway within a bone (tunnel)

Question 12

Process

Answer 12

a prominent projection on a bone eg. mastoid process

Question 13

Sinus

Answer 13

cavity within a bone

Question 14

suture

Answer 14

interlocking line of union between bones eg. skull bones

Question 15

trochanter

Answer 15

relatively large process eg. greater trochanter of femur

Question 16

tubercle

Answer 16

small, knoblike process

Question 17

tuberosity

Answer 17

knoblike process (larger than tubercle)

Question 18

facet

Answer 18

small, nearly flat surface- slides and glides together

Question 19

fossa

Answer 19

relatively deep pit or depression

Question 20

foramen

Answer 20

larger opening through bone that acts as passageway for blood vessels, nerves, ligaments

Question 21

canal

Answer 21

tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

Question 22

alveolus

Answer 22

a pit or socket

Question 23

Sphenoid bone

Answer 23

bat shaped and forms central part of cranium floor. Touches every other cranial bone (not mandible) - also houses sella turcica

Question 24

Ethmoid bone

Answer 24

forms part of cranium, orbit, and nasal cavity and upper part of nasal septum… really deep in skull. Also has crista galli which helps anchor brain in skull

Question 25

Where is coronal suture?

Answer 25

between frontal and parietal bones

Question 26

where is sagittal suture?

Answer 26

between parietal bones

Question 27

where is lambdoidal suture?

Answer 27

between occipital and parietal bones-- "sleep like a lamb"

Question 28

Where is squamosal suture?

Answer 28

between parietal and temporal bones-- think "squash ear as lay on side"

Question 29

which suture connects the occipital and parietal bones?

Answer 29

lambdoidal

Question 30

Which suture connects the parietal and temporal bones?

Answer 30

squamosal

Question 31

What are the 8 bones of the face?

Answer 31

Nasal bone, maxillary bones, mandible, zygomatic bone, lacrimal bones, palatine bone, inferior nasal concha, and vomer

Question 32

What is the only freely movable bone of the face?

Answer 32

The mandible

Question 33

What is the smallest bones of the face?

Answer 33

Lacrimal bones

Question 34

Which facial bone has the masseter muscle attached to it?

Answer 34

the Zygomatic bone

Question 35

What are the four sinuses?

Answer 35

Frontal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary, and Ethmoidal- Four Sinuses Made Easy

Question 36

What is the peg that allows the atlas to rotate called?

Answer 36

The odontoid process (aka Dens) and it is on the axis

Question 37

How many ribs do we have? and what types of ribs are they?

Answer 37

12 pairs total. 7 and true and 5 and false (including 2 of these that are floating)

Question 38

How many cervical vertebrae?

Answer 38

7

Question 39

How many thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 39

12

Question 40

How many lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 40

5

Question 41

How many sacral vertebrae?

Answer 41

5

Question 42

How many carpal bones are there?

Answer 42

8

Question 43

Which bone articulates with the femur to form the knee joint?

Answer 43

The tibia

Question 44

How many tarsal bones?

Answer 44

7

Question 45

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 45

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial

Question 46

What is there to know about fibrous joints?

Answer 46

There is no appreciable movement you can see with eyes. They are closely connected by connective tissue. Eg. sutures between cranial bones, synarthrosis

Question 47

What to know about cartilaginous joints?

Answer 47

Limited mobility and only slightly moveable and connected by discs of fibrocartilage. amphiarthrosis.eg. intervertebral discs

Question 48

What to know about synovial joints?

Answer 48

Found in most joints of body. diarthrosis, Freely moveable

Question 49

What are the 4 shapes of synovial joints?

Answer 49

Ball and socket, hinge, gliding, and pivot

Question 50

What are the two kinds of protein filaments called and what is their size?

Answer 50

Actin-thin Myosin- thick

Question 51

What is the origin?

Answer 51

The fixed point of attachment of a muscle

Question 52

What is insertion?

Answer 52

The moveable point of attachment of a muscle

Question 53

What is a prime mover?

Answer 53

The main muscle that performs the action

Question 54

What is a synergist?

Answer 54

The muscle that works with the prime mover to assist

Question 55

What is an antagonist?

Answer 55

The muscle that has opposing action to the prime mover

Question 56

What is the sella turcica?

Answer 56

A saddle shaped depression that protects the pituitary gland. Within the sphenoid bone

Question 57

What does the carpus articulate with?

Answer 57

The radius (NOT ULNA)

Question 58

What is the epicranial aponeurosis?

Answer 58

The sheet of dense connective tissue that joins the frontalis and occipitalis

Question 59

What is the orbicularis oculi?

Answer 59

Surrounds rim of eye orbit and eyelid- to squint

Question 60

What is orbicularis oris?

Answer 60

Surrounds lips- to pucker and kiss lips

Question 61

What is zygomaticus?

Answer 61

corner of lip to cheek bone- to smile

Question 62

What is buccinator?

Answer 62

forms cheek wall- to whistle or suck in cheeks

Question 63

What is trapezius?

Answer 63

upper back and neck and attached to skull, upper spine and scapula- extends head and neck and holds head upright, shoulder shrug

Question 64

What is temporalis?

Answer 64

temporal region of skill and mandible- raises and retracts mandible, closes jaw

Question 65

what is masseter muscle?

Answer 65

covers jaw, zygomatic arch, and mandible- raises mandible, closes jaw, clenches teeth

Question 66

what is internal (medial) pterygoid?

Answer 66

deep chewing muscles- closes jaw

Question 67

what is external (lateral) pterygoid?

Answer 67

deep chewing muscles, depresses mandible to open jaw if contract together or lateral deviation to opposite side if contract separately

Question 68

What is mylohyoid?

Answer 68

2 muscles fused to form floor of mouth- aids in chewing and lifts hyoid bone

Question 69

What is digastric?

Answer 69

2 muscle bellies joined by a tendon. each has own action as part of floor of mouth. pulls mandible back, retruding it and helps in depressing mandible

Question 70

What muscle is the 6 pack one?

Answer 70

Rectus abdominus

Question 71

What are muscles of trunk from deep to superficial?

Answer 71

Transverse abdominus, internal oblique, rectus abdominus, external oblique- TIRE

Question 72

Where is gastrocnemus?

Answer 72

posterior lower leg- helps plantar flex foot