Lo5 Flashcards
 Why is it important that we respond to environmental changes in coordinate behaviour?
So that the body can avoid danger, find food and find a mate
What protects our bodies from danger 
The detection of stimuli
What is stimuli made of by?
The brain and the spinal cord
The brain is
Protected by our skull
The spinal cord is
Protected by our spine 
What are the two systems with in the central nervous system?
Voluntary
In voluntary 
The voluntary system has two types of peripheral nerves, and they are
Sensory neurons
Motoneurons
What does sensory neurons do?
Travelling over the spinal cord from the bodies receptors
Examples include the eyes, ears tastebuds skin and knows
What does motoneurons do?
Travel out of the spinal cord to the bodies of effectors
Examples of this is the muscles and glands
What is The in voluntary system also known as
Autonomic system
In voluntary system is made up of two nerves what are they
Sympathetic
parasympathetic
What does the sympathetic nerves do?
Prepares us for action by activate and functions needed for survival
Fight or flight
What does the parasympathetic nerve do?
It is an antagonist as it restores the body to its normal resting state 
What two organs make up the central nervous system
The brain and the spinal cord
What is the role of the central nervous system?
To transmit messages around the body as electrical impulses
What is a stimulus?
A change in the environmen
What is a receptor?
Sensory organ which Detects change
What is a response?
Counteracts the effect of the stimulus 
What is an effector?
A muscle movement or a gland, which will release a hormone to generate a response
What is the structure of a neuron?
Dendrite
Nucleus
Axon
Nerve ending
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
What is the role of dendrites?
To receive incoming impulses from other neurons
What is the function of an axon?
Connect neurons to different parts of the body
To carry electrical nerve impulses
What is the function of a long axon
Carry impulses around the body
What is the function of fatty insulation
Speed up nerve impulses
What is the function of many dendrites?
Connect to other nerves
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory neurons
Relay neurons
Motoneurons
What does sensory neurons do?
Carry information as electrical impulses from the Receptor in the sense organ to the central nervous system
What is the function of a relay neuron?
Carry electrical impulses from the sensory neuron to motoneurons
What is the function of a motor neuron?
To carry electrical impulses from the central nervous system to the effector
How does the central nervous system work
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Central nervous system
Motoneuron
Effector 
What is a receptor?
They are cells that detect stimuli
What is a stimulus? 
A change in the environment, and it causes a response
How does the reflex response work
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Central nervous system
Motoneuron
Effector
Response
What does the brain do?
Send signals to the rest of the body and processes information
How does the brain work?
By using nerves and the spinal cord to make the central nervous system to send and receive signals all over the body
What are the functions of the brain?
Speech
Memory
Coordination
Learning
consciousness
Homeostasis
What is the outside of the brain protected by?
Meninges
What is the cerebrum?
The largest part of the brain
What is the corpus callosum?
A bridge that joins the right and left cerebral hemispheres
What is the cerebral cortex responsible for
For conscious learning, memory and language
What is the cerebral cortex?
That out a few millimetres of each cerebral hemisphere
Where is the cerebellum?
Underneath the cerebral hemispheres at the back
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordinates movement and balance and muscle memory
What is the cerebellum affected by?
Alcohol
What does hypothalamus detect?
Changes in blood chemistry and temperature
What is hypothalamus involved in?
Homeostasis
What does the hypothalamus produce
Hormones
What are hormones do?
Coordinate sexual development, glucose and water regulation
What is the medulla?
Swollen area at the base of the brand, leading into the spinal cord
What is the function of the medulla
Control, swallowing heart rate, breathing rate
What is the pituitary gland?
The key part of the Endo crime system
What is the pituitary gland , also known as known as
Master gland
What is the function of the pituitary gland
To control the actions of other glands
What is the Endocrine system?
It is composed of plans, which secrete hormones directly into the blood
What does the pituitary gland help with?
Stimulate in the ovaries and testes
Controls the growth in children
Stimulates the thyroid gland
What does the thyroid gland produce?
Thyroxine which controls the rate of metabolism
What does the pancreas produce?
Insulin which controls blood sugar levels
What is the adrenal glands produce?
Adrenaline which prepares the body for rapid activity
Fight or flight
What does the kidneys produce?
ADH
What does the ovaries produce?
Oestrogen which causes changes at puberty helps control the menstrual cycle
FH
LH
What does the testes produce?
Testosterone which causes the changes at puberty in stimulates sperm production
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
An autoimmune condition where the antibodies attack the myelin sheath in the brain and or spinal cord
Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
Fatigue
Difficulty walking
Vision problems
Problems controlling the bladder
Numbness or tingling in different parts of the body
Muscle stiffness and spasms
Problems with balance and coordination
Problems were thinking learning and planning
What can happen when inflammation goes away in multiple sclerosis
I can leave behind scarring, which can lead to permanent damage of the underlying nerves
How is Multiple Sclerosis diagnose and monitored
Neurologist examination
MRI scan
Evoked potential eye test
Lumbar puncture
Blood tests 
What will the neurological examination do
Have a neurologist look for any abnormalities, which will sure whether your nerves are damaged in a way that might suggest Multiple Sclerosis
What will the MRI to?
Produce detailed images of the inside of the body
Which will sure whether there are any damage or score of the myelin sheath
How is Multiple Sclerosis treated?
Steroid medications
Disease, modifying therapies
Stem cell therapy
Support from different healthcare professionals
Impact on daily life when you have multiple sclerosis
Eyesight gets worse
Poor concentration
Play memory in learning
Unable to stand
Unable to grip
May become bedbound
Loss of bladder and bowel control
What are the two types of strokes?
Ischemic stroke
Haemorrhagic stroke
What is a ischemic stroke
The most common type of stroke
It occurs when a blood clot blocks, the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain
Risk factors of ischaemic strokes
Smoking
Hypertension
Obesity
High cholesterol levels
Diabetes
Excessive alcohol intake
Diagnosis of a ischaemic strokes
CT and MRI scan
Blood tests
Swallow tests
Ultrasound
Echocardiogram
Treatment of ischaemic strokes
Thrombolysis
Thrombectomy
Aspirin
Anticoagulant
Medicines to lower blood pressure
Statins
Carotid endarterectomy
What is a harmorrhagic stroke
They are less common
Happens when the blood vessels inside the skull bursts and bleeds into and around the brain
Risk factors of haemorrhagic strokes
Being overweight
Drinking, excessive amounts of alcohol
Smoking
A lack of exercise
Stress
Treatments of haemorrhagic strokes
Low blood pressure medicines
Surgery
Symptoms of a haemorrhagic stroke
Face drop
Arm, weakness
Speech difficulty
Effects of a stroke
Slurred speech
Limited or loss of mobility
What is homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
What are the two hormones that control blood sugar levels in negative feedback loop
Insulin
Glucagon
What does insulin used for
To lower the blood glucose levels
What is glucagon used for
To raise blood sugar levels
What happens in the process of glucose levels increasing
Start at normal glucose level
Glucose level increases
Insulin is produced which causes glucose to be changed into glycogen
Insulin stimulates excess glucose to convert it into fat
Returns to normal glucose levels
What happens in the process where glucose levels are too low
Normal glucose level
Glucose levels fall
Glucagon released from the pancreas and converted to glycogen to glucose
Glucagon stimulates amino acids to be converted to release glucose
Returns normal glucose levels
What is glucagon
A hormone
What is an insoluble carbohydrate
Glycogen
What is produced by the pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Is glucose soluble or insoluble
Soluble
What is stored in the liver and muscles
Glycogen
What is made by proteins
Glucagon
What is used for respiration
Glucose
What comes from good we eat
Glucose
What is a complex carbohydrate
Glycogen
What are diabetes
A condition where the blood glucose levels remain too high
There are two types of diabetes
Type 1
Type 2
Symptoms of diabetes
Blurred vision
Feeling hungry at all time
Feeling thirsty at all times
Frequent urination
Losing weight
Poor healing or infections
Feeling tired and weak
Numbness or tingling in hands arms feet and legs
Feeling nausea and vomiting
Who does type 1 diabetes effect
Children teenagers adults under 40
What causes type 1 diabetes
Infection of the pancreas
Genetic links
How does type 1 diabetes work
Pancreas does not make enough insulin which leads to high levels of glucose in the blood
How is type 1 diabetes controlled and treated
Insulin injection
Healthy diet
Insulin pumps
Who does type 2 diabetes effect
Adult is normally over the age of 40
What are the causes of type 2 diabetes
Linked to poor diet or obesity
Alpha cells stop releasing glucagon
How does type 2 diabetes work
The body no longer responds to its insulin
How is type 2 diabetes controlled and treated
Exercise
Improve diet
Monitoring type 1 diabetes
Blood test
Urine test
Eye test
Care need for type 1 diabetes
Frequent check ups
Eat a healthy balanced diet
Exercise frequently
Care needs for type 2 diabetes
Annual check ups
Lose weight
Eat healthy
Regular exercise
Hat can be damaged due to diabetes
Blood vessels
Nerves
Body organs like kidney
What happens when there is an increase in water levels in the blood
- normal water contents
- increase in water content in blood
- hypothalamus pituitary gland produce low levels of ADH
-ADH carried via bloodstream to kidney - nephrons do not reabsorb water
- kidneys release oxygen excess water into urine
What happens when there is a decrease in water content of the blood
The opposite to increase
Where does the feedback system take place
Islets of langerhans
Role of the liver
Make bile for digestion
Store vitamins minerals and glucose
Deamination
Detoxification
Break down and recycle red blood cells
What are possible malfunctions if the liver
Regeneration of the liver
Cirrhosis of the liver
Jaundice
What is cirrhosis
Scarring of the liver
Causes of cirrhosis
Continuous long term liver damage
E.g continuous consumption of alcohol
Risks factors of cirrhosis
A build up of fat in the liver
Certain inherited diseases
Long term contact with drugs and poisons
Heavy alcohol consumptions
Symptoms of cirrhosis
Fatigue
Itchy sensation
Swelling in lower legs
Jaundice
Easily bruised
Floyd build up
Development of blood vessels
Infection
Internal bleeding
Unconsciousness
Loss of appetite
High blood pressure
Diagnosing cirrhosis
Ultra sound
Ct scan
MRI scan
Liver biopsy
Blood tests
Endoscopy
Treatments of cirrhosis
Manage symptoms and complications
Taking medication
Monitoring cirrhosis
Clinical visits to GP 6-12 months
Lifestyles changes of cirrhosis
Completely avoiding alcohol
Losing weight
Regular exercise
Practising good hygiene
Vaccination
Impacts of living with cirrhosis
Tiredness
Jaundice
Swelling
Loss of independence
Itchy skin
Changes in diet
Stop drinking
