Lo4 Flashcards
What is the periosteum
The outer surface of bone
Structure of periosteum
Thin fence membrane
What is the compact bone

Next layer
Smooth and hard
What is the compact bone made up of
Collagen
Calcium phosphate
What is the spongy bone
Next layer looks a bit like a sponge
Very strong
What is bone marrow
Innermost part of the bone
Like a thick jelly
What is the job of bone marrow
Make blood cells
Where stem cells are found
What is the cartilage
Protective layer that covers the end of bones
Other components of bones
Collagen
Chondrin
Osteoblasts
What do osteoblast do
Promote the activity of the cells
What is the Haversian canal
Central hole containing blood vessels and nerves
What are osteocytes
Bone cells
What are lamellae
Layers of hard bone
What are canaliculli
Tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes
What is a joint
Attaches two bones together to allow movement
What are the 5 types of joints
Ball and socket
Pivot
Hinge
Sliding
Sadie
Fixed
What is a muscle
Contact and relax in pairs to move joints
What is a tendon
Ties the muscle to the bone
What are bones
Make up our skeleton
What is a ligament
Ties the individual bones of a joint together
What is a synovial capsule
The capsule that surrounds the joint between two bones
What is the synovial fluid
Liquid found inside the capsule that lubricates the joint to make it move smoothly
What are antagonistic muscles
One muscle moves the joint in one direction and the other muscles moves the joint in the opposite direction
What is osteoporosis?
A condition that weakens bones, making them fragile, are more likely to break 
Causes of osteoporosis
Decrease an osteoblast
Law peak, Bourne mass
Sedentary lifestyle
Lifestyle factors
Being female
Being of menopause age
Have coeliac disease
Anorexia
Other inflammatory conditions
Effects of osteoporosis
Loss of bone density
Increased risk of fractures
Phone deformity
Stooped posture 
Ways to reduce risk of osteoporosis
Reduce amount of alcohol consumed
Improve diet
Be more active outside
Get enough calcium
Improve lifestyle
Hormone replacement therapy
What could the impact of osteoporosis be on someone’s life?
Depressed
Feel isolated
Vulnerable
Lack of Independence
How could someone minimise the effects of osteoporosis?
Healthy diet
Take painkillers
Reduce trip hazards
Get eyesight, checked regularly
Reduce smoking
Reduce weight
Regular exercise
monitoring osteoporosis
A clinical observation
Dexa scan
Blood tests
Treatment for osteoporosis
Physiotherapy
Exercise
Physical activity outside
Dietary changes 
What is osteo arthritis?
known as where in tear arthritis
Cartlidge surrounding your joints becoming damaged and Rubbing together
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
An autoimmune disease, where your body immune system produces antibodies which attack the synovial membrane line in the joints 
Symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Pain
Stiffness
Tiredness
Weakness and muscle wasting
Inflammation around the joints
Joints feel hot to touch
Limited range of movement
Joints appear larger, or more knobbly than usual
Monitoring osteoarthritis
Clinical observation to measure the level of inflammation
X-rays
Monitoring rheumatoid arthritis
Clinical observation to look at the level of inflammation
X-rays to allow joints to be examined more closely
Blood tests to measure the amount of rheumatoid factor antibodies
Treatment for osteo arthritis
Painkillers like ibuprofen, morphine
Steroid injections
Physiotherapy
Adaptations like stair lifts
Gentle exercise
Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
Painkillers, like ibuprofen and morphine
Steroid injections
Physiotherapy
Adaptations like stair lifts
Gentle exercise
Biological treatment
DMARDS medication
