LO4: Respiratory system Flashcards
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
Filter, moisten and air before it’s enters the body
Done by mucous membrane and hair
Entry point for 70%
larynx function
voice box
Speech is created from air moving over the vocal cords, moved by muscles creating speech and sounds
Pharynx
Connects the mouth, nasal cavity and throat
Helps warm air and aids speech ability
In the back of the throat
Trachea
Tube
Connects larynx and pharynx to lungs
Kept open by c-shaped cartilage
Because it allows movement in comparison to bones
Epiglottis
Cartilaginous flap
Allows food into oesophagus and air into trachea
Not the other way would cause:
air in stomach and choking
what is tidal volume?
volume of air inspired or expired per breath
aprox. 500ml
what is frequency?
the number of breaths per minute
aprox. 12-15
what is minute ventilation?
the volume of air inspired and expired in a minute
aprox. 6-7.5L
inhalation air percentages?
oxygen- 21%
carbon dioxide- 0.04%
nitrogen- 78%
exhalation air percentages?
oxygen- 16%
carbon dioxide- 4%
nitrogen- 78%
what’s meant by external respiration?
between capillaries and alveoli
exchange of O2 and CO2 in lungs, external as they exchange in the atmosphere
inspiratory reserve volume:
volume of air available after tidal volume that can be inspired
expiratory reserve volume:
volume of air available after tidal volume that can be expired
vital capacity (VC)
the total volume of air that can be inspired and expired
residual volume (RV)
volume of air left in lungs after maximum forced expiration
what is total lung capacity?
total volume of lungs at maximum inflation
TLC= RV+VC
What’s external respiration?
Gaseous exchange between the alveoli (lungs) and the capillaries (body)
What is Internal respiration?
Gaseous exchange between the capillaries (body) and tissues (cells/muscles/organs)
Where does bronchi branch from?
Trachea into left and right lungs
Bronchi appearance?
Similar to trachea
Role of bronchioles?
Branch of bronchi and lead to alveoli
Get smaller the closer they get
Alveoli explanation?
Small, grape like structure
Covered in a mesh of capillaries
There’s approx 7 hundred million
What is the diaphragm?
A dome shaped muscle
During inhalation flattens and returns to dome during expiration
what’s the plural for bronchi?
bronchus
To inhale, what additional muscles during exercise contract?
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis major
To exhale what additional muscles contract during exercise?
Rectus abdominus
Internal intercostals
What type of intercostals contract or relax?
External
What’s the movement of the ribcage during inspiration?
Pulled up and out
What’s the movement of the ribcage during expiration?
Pulled in and down
What’s the air pressure within the lungs during inspiration?
It decreases
What’s the air pressure within the lungs during expiration?
It Increases
What’s the volume of the Thoracic cavity during inhalation?
It increases
What’s the volume of the Thoracic cavity during expiration?
It decreases
What’s meant by reserve?
Kept for a later purpose
pathway of air?
nasal cavity
pharynx
trachea
bronchi- primary, secondary, tertiary
bronchioles
alveoli
What’s the value of average frequency?
12-15 breaths per minute
What’s the average value for tidal volume?
500ml
What’s tidal volume during exercise?
3-4 litres
What’s the average value of minute ventilation?
6-8 litres
What’s the average minute ventilation during exercise?
12-40 litres
Frequency during exercise?
40-60 bpm ( breaths per minute )
pathway to the lungs:
nasal cavity
pharynx
epiglottis
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
how do you calculate total lung capacity?
residual volume + vital capacity
How do you calculate minute ventilation?
Frequency x tidal volume
what is meant by partial pressure?
the concentration of an individual has within a mixture of gases
