LO3 Flashcards
What is the role of mechanical digestion?
emulsifying fats into smaller globules
What is the role of chemical digestion?
an enzyme in saliva converts starch into maltose
What is the role of assimilation?
products of digestion get taken up and stored by liver cells
What is the role of absorption?
the products of fat digestion diffuse into lacteals
What is bile?
the fluid in the digestive system that is needed to emulsify fats during mechanical digestion
Where does the emulsification of fats take place (mechanical digestion)?
small intestine
Which part of the digestive system produces bile?
liver
Which part of the digestive system stores bile?
gall bladder
Name methods used to treat gallstones:
keyhole surgery;
- remove gallbladder
- remove gallstones
medication/ drugs to dissolve the gallstones
What is detoxification?
a chemical process in which the liver breaks down alcohol
How can liver cirrhosis be monitored?
- urine tests
- regular GP/ hospital check ups
- monitor alcohol intake
What lifestyle changes should be made to prevent further damage to liver cirrhosis?
- aim to maintain healthy weight
- reduce/ stop alcohol intake
- reduce/stop smoking
- low-fat diet
Where is insulin secreted from?
pancreas
What are some symptoms of gallstones?
- stomach pain
- loss of appetite
- sweating
- vomitting
What are some digestive functions of the pancreas?
- produces enzymes which break down food molecules
- produces pancreatic juice which neutralises stomach acid
What are some possible impacts of cirrhosis on a person’s lifestyle?
Physical:
- work issues
- may have to excersie more/ maintain healthy diet
Emotional:
- fustration and depression - requiring help from family members
What is the buccal cavity?
where we put food (the mouth), where food is chewed to break down
What is the role of the salivary glands?
produce saliva - helps moisten food and make it easy to swallow
What is the epiglottis?
a flap of cartilage behind the root of the tongue, which covers the opening of windpipe when swallowing
What is the oesophagus?
a tube that connects throat to stomach
- food moves down oesophagus to stomach
- peristalsis, a squeezing action by the muscles, helps the food move downwards to stomach
What is the role of the stomach?
muscular walls churn the food
- produces enzymes that break up food and hydrochloric acid to activate the enzymes
What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive process?
completes the digestion of partially digested food
- absorbs some nutrients, using sucrase to digest sugars, amylase to digest polysaccharides and peptidase for proteins
What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive process?
reabsorbs more water from the partially digested food
- creates faeces from what remains
What is the role of the rectum?
it stores faeces until they can be expelled from the body
What is the role of the anus?
the opening of the body through which faeces are expelled by the process of defecation
What is the digestive process?
- ingestion (food into mouth)
- digestion (physical and chemical breakdown of food)
- absorption (food passes through intestine walls to blood)
- elimination (waste removed from body)
What are some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?
stomach pain
cramping
bloating
changes in bowel habits - diarrhoea/constipation
What is the cause of IBS?
- linked to an increased sensitivity of the gut to certain foods
- symptoms seem to be triggered by something they have eaten or drunk
What are some symptoms of coeliac disease?
- feeling tired as a result of malnutrition
- stomach pain
- bloating
What is the biological cause of coeliac disease?
the immune system mistakes gliadin, a substance found in gluten, as a threat to the body and attacks it
- this causes damage to the villi, meaning the body abilty to absorb nutrients is disrupted
What is the cause of coeliac disease?
- often runs in families (genetics)~
- introducing gluten into a babies diet before six months
What is the biological explanation of gallstones?
- unusual high levels of cholesterol inside the gallbladder
- unusual high levels of waste product called bilirubin inside the gallbladder
- these chemical imbalances cause crystals to form in the bile which can gradually grow into stones
What is the cause of gallstones?
- imbalance of chemcial make-up of bile inside the gallbladder
- more common if an individual is overweight, over 40 or has liver cirrhosis, or genetics
What are some treatments for ibs?
- to avoid diarrhoea: cut down on high-fibre foods like wholegrain foods
to avoid bloating and cramps: avoid foods that are hard to digest such as cabbage and beans
What are some treatments for coeliac disease?
- give up all foods containing gluten for life
- vaccinations, e.g flu jab as more vulnerable to infections
- vitamin and mineral supplements
How can ibs impact on an individuals diet and lifestyle?
- abdominal pain and discomfort from bloating can restrict sleep - tiredness, emotional fustration
- need to visit the toilet/restrict diet - restrict trips out, socialising
How can one monitor their ibs?
- keep a food diary to identidy foods that cause irritation or pain
- take regular excerise - relieve stress and increase feelings of wellbeing
How can coeliac disease impact on someones lifestyle and diet?
- remove gluten from diet
read food labels very carefully
take care when eating out
take additional vitamins and supplements foe difficienes
How can gallstones impact on someones diet and lifestyle?
gallbladder not essential - removal of gallbladder by surgery
- after surgery some may experience bloating and diarrhoea after eating spicy or fatty foods - avoid
- eat a healthy and balance diet
What are some digestive functions of the pancreas?
- produces enzymes (lipase and amalyse) which break down fats
- produces pancreatic juice which neutralises stomach acid and also breaks down fats
