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Food Prep A Level 🍉🥯🥓🧁 > Lo2- Lipids And Fats 🥓🫒🍕 > Flashcards

Lo2- Lipids And Fats 🥓🫒🍕 Flashcards

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1
Q

Are Lipids soluble in water?

A

No they’re insoluble in water

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2
Q

What are lipids soluble in?

A

Solvents such as alcohol and ether

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3
Q

What do lipids include?

A

. Fats (triglycerides)
. Fatty acids
. Waxes + sterols e.g cholesterol
. Also compound lipids ➡️ lipids attached to another chemical compound e.g lipoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids ( lecithin in egg yolk)➡️ all found in animal or plant cells

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4
Q

When is ‘fat’ + ‘oil’ used?

A

When discussing food prep+ diet

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5
Q

When is ‘lipid’ used?

A

When discussing metabolism ( chemical processes) involving fats in body

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6
Q

How much energy is in a gram of fat?

A

9kcal - most energy dense nutrient ➡️ x2 protein or carbs

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7
Q

Is eating fat essential for the diet?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A
  1. Concentrated energy source
  2. Provides fat to keep body warm
  3. Protects vital organs
  4. Essential component for cell membranes
  5. Provides fat soluble vitamins
  6. Provides essential fatty acids - linoleic acid (omega 6) and alpha linoleic acid (omega 3)
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9
Q

What do fats include?

A

Fats + oils

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10
Q

What state are fats usually in at room temperature?

A

Tend to be solid at room temperature

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11
Q

What state are oils in at room temperature?

A

Tend to be liquid at room temperature

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12
Q

What are the functions of fats in food?

A
  1. Enhancing flavour
  2. Enhancing texture
  3. Enhancing aroma
  4. Crispness of food
  5. Tenderness of food
  6. Used to enrich food products
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13
Q

What can fats also help with in terms of digestion?

A

. Gastric emptying as fatty food take longer to digest ➡️ prevent hunger sensations for longer so person feels satisfied + fuller for longer

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14
Q

What is fat divided into?

A

Saturated + unsaturated fats

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15
Q

Is fat a triglyceride?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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17
Q

What are fatty acids made up of?

A

Chains of carbon + hydrogen atoms

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18
Q

How many different fatty acids are there in food?

A

16

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19
Q

What can fatty acids be broken down into?

A

Single or double bonds

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20
Q

What are the different types of bonding in fats?

A

. Saturated
. Mono- unsaturated
. Polyunsaturated

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21
Q

What do saturated fats contain?

A

Many saturated fatty acids

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22
Q

Do saturated fats have a double bond?

A

Have no double bonds between carbon atoms in carbon chain

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23
Q

Are saturated fats usually solid at room temperature?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Are saturated fats very stable?

A

Yes and they are unlikely to react with other chemicals

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25
Q

What shape do saturated fats have?

A

Packed closely together due to linear shape ➡️ rigid structure

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26
Q

What are some sources of saturated fats?

A

. Cheese
. Milk
. Bacon
. Butter
. Coconut oil

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27
Q

Do saturated fats have missing hydrogen atoms?

A

No

28
Q

Do unsaturated fats have some hydrogen atoms missing?

A

Yes

29
Q

When is formed in unsaturated fats when a hydrogen atom is missing?

A

A double bond between 2 atoms in the chain
. Bend or curve in otherwise straight carbon chains ➡️ allows movement as cannot be packed together

30
Q

Are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

Yes

31
Q

What are the 2 groups of unsaturated fats?

A
  1. Mono- unsaturated fatty acids
  2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids
32
Q

How many double bonds do mono- unsaturated fatty acids have?

A

One
. Prefix ‘mono’ means one

33
Q

What are some sources of mono- unsaturated fatty acids?

A

. Avocados
. Cashews
. Peanuts
. Olive oil ➡️ oelic acid ➡️ 18 carbon atoms + chains ➡️ one double bond between 9th + 10th atom ➡️ clear liquid at room temp but when chilled may become cloudy + solidify

34
Q

Is the double bond a weakness for mono- unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Yes - makes it unstable + unlikely to chemically react
.double bond creates opportunity for oxidation

35
Q

How many double bonds do polyunsaturated fatty acids contain?

A

2 or more
. Prefix ‘poly’ means 2 or more

36
Q

What are some sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

. Corn
. Soya
. Sunflower oils

37
Q

What are polyunsaturated fatty acids most likely to react with?

A

Oxygen due to double bonds in chain which reduce stability of molecule
. Tend to go rancid when exposed to air + sunlight for long periods of time ➡️ oxidation
. Repeated exposure to high temperatures increase oxidative damage

38
Q

What can polyunsaturated fatty acids be divided into?

A

. Omega
. Number for omega indicates location of first double bond at one end of chain
. Essential fatty acids = omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids

39
Q

What are some properties of trans fatty acids?

A
  1. Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of double bonds
  2. Prefix ‘trans’ means across
  3. More linear appearance like saturated fats = UNHEALTHY
40
Q

What are some properties of cis fatty acids?

A
  1. Hydrogen atoms both on same side of molecule
  2. Looks like it’s bent in shape like unsaturated fats = HEALTHY
41
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

Used to turn vegetable oil ➡️ solid substance

42
Q

What does hydrogenation do to shelf life?

A

Improves shelf life + reduces likelihood of oxygenation

43
Q

What are the vegetable oils hardened with?

A

Hydrogen gas

44
Q

What happens to the bonds during hydrogenation?

A

Double bonds ➡️ single bonds
UNSATURATED fats ➡️ SATURATED fats

45
Q

What type of oil is made from hydrogenation?

A

Partially hydrogenated oil➡️ used in baking, processed foods including fat spreads + cakes

46
Q

What can artificially created trans fats lead to an increase in?

A

Coronary heart disease

47
Q

Where do small amounts of natural trans fats occur?

A

In milk + beef
. Not seen as being unhealthy compared to artificial trans fats

48
Q

How does hydrogenation change the molecular structure?

A

Hydrogen gas + UNSATURATED FAT MOLECULE ➡️ removal of the double bond TRANS FATTY ACID

49
Q

Which 2 polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for health?

A
  1. Linoleic acid ➡️ Omega 6
  2. Alpha Linoleic acid ➡️ Omega 3
50
Q

Can the body manufacture omega 3 and 6?

A

No, they must be consumed in the diet

51
Q

What are essential fatty acids converted into?

A
  1. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
  2. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
52
Q

What are some sources of Omega 3 (Alpha Linoleic acid)?

A
  1. Green leafy vegetables
  2. Walnuts
  3. Soya beans
  4. Grains
  5. Rapeseed oil
53
Q

What are some sources of omega 6 (linoleic acid)?

A
  1. Found in oils - sunflower, corn, soya
  2. Cold water
  3. Oily fish - tuna, salmon, sardines
54
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A type of fat that does not produce energy

55
Q

Where is cholesterol found?

A

In all animal + tissue cells
. Not found in plants or vegetables

56
Q

What is cholesterol essential for?

A

1.structure of cell membranes
2. Production of bile for absorption of fats
3. Essential component of many hormones
4. Vitamin D

57
Q

Where is cholesterol produced?

A

In the liver

58
Q

How is cholesterol transported around body?

A

By proteins called lipoproteins

59
Q

What are the 2 types of lipoproteins?

A
  1. Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
  2. High density lipoproteins (HDL)
60
Q

What is Low Density Lipoproteins also known as?

A

Bad cholesterol

61
Q

Do Low Density Lipoproteins make up most of body’s cholesterol?

A

Yes

62
Q

What do high levels of Low density lipoproteins raise risk of?

A

. Heart disease+ strokes ➡️ clogs up arteries by plague ➡️ narrows coronary arteries

63
Q

What are some sources of low density lipoproteins?

A

Foods that contain saturated fats ➡️ beef, bacon, milk

64
Q

What are High Density lipoproteins also known as?

A

Good cholesterol

65
Q

What is the function of high density lipoproteins?

A

Absorbs cholesterol in blood+ carries it back to liver
. Liver then flushes it from body

66
Q

What can high levels of high density lipoproteins prevent?

A

Lower risk of heart disease + stroke

67
Q

What are some sources of high density lipoproteins?

A

Foods that contain unsaturated fats ➡️ avocado, olives, fish, nuts, pulses

Food Prep A Level 🍉🥯🥓🧁 (9 decks)

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