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Oral Pathology > LO 8 > Flashcards

LO 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasia

A
  1. New growth
  2. Cells exhibit uncontrolled proliferation
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2
Q

Define neoplasm

A

A new growth of tissue in which growth is uncontrolled and progressive

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3
Q

Define tumor

A
  1. Means swelling, but is often used as a synonym for neoplasm
  2. Often used to describe a ‘larger’ lesion
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4
Q

Describe the occurrence of neoplasia

A
  1. An irreversible change must take place in the cells. This change must be passed on to new cells and result in uncontrollable cell multiplication
  2. It is an abnormal process
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5
Q

Describe the causes of neoplasia

A

Many agents have been shown to cause neoplastic transformation of cells in the laboratory:
1. Chemicals: Hundreds of different ones
2. Viruses: Called oncogenic viruses
3. Radiation: Sunlight, x-rays, nuclear fission
4. Idiopathic: Unknown cause
5. It can also occur spontaneously as a result of a genetic mutation

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6
Q

Describe the classifications of tumors

A

Benign tumor or neoplasia
1. Remains localized
2. May be encapsulated with fibrous connective tissue
3. It can invade adjacent tissue, but does not have the ability to spread to distant sites
4. Non-cancerous

Malignant tumor
1. Invades and destroys surrounding tissue
2. Has the ability to spread throughout the body
3. Cancerous

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7
Q

Describe the differences in appearance between benign and malignant tumors

A
  1. Benign tumors almost always resemble normal tissue
  2. Malignant tumors vary in histologic appearance
    - Well-differentiated malignant tumors have neoplastic cells that resemble normal cells; poorly differentiated ones do not
    - Others may be undifferentiated or anaplastic and do not resemble the tissue from which they were derived at all
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8
Q

Define pleomorphic

A

The cells of malignant tumors often vary in size and shape

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9
Q

The nuclei of these cells are darker than those of normal cells and exhibit an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio

A

Hyperchromatic

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10
Q

How are tumors named?

A
  1. The prefix is determined by the tissue or cell of origin
  2. The suffix -oma is used to indicate a tumor
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11
Q

List common benign tumors

A
  1. Lipoma - Benign tumor of fat
  2. Osteoma - Benign tumor of bone
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12
Q

List common malignant tumors

A
  1. Carcinoma - Malignant tumor of epithelium
  2. Sarcoma - Malignant tumor of connective tissue
  3. Squamous cell carcinoma - Malignant tumor of squamous epithelium
  4. Osteosarcoma - Malignant tumor of bone
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13
Q

List the names of tumors in relation to the common tissue we deal with

A
  1. Epithelium - Ex: Squamous cells = squamous cell carcinoma
  2. Neuroectoderm - Melanocytes = melanoma
  3. Connective tissue - Ex: Fibrous = fibrosarcoma
  4. Endothelium - Ex: Lymphatic vessels = lymphangiosarcoma
  5. Muscle - Ex: Smooth muscle = leiomyosarcoma
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14
Q

How are benign and malignant tumors treated?

A
  1. Benign tumors - Treated by surgical excision, either wide local excision or enucleation
  2. Malignant tumors - Treated by surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, often a combination
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15
Q

What 3 types of epithelial tumors are found in the oral cavity?

A
  1. From squamous epithelium
  2. From salivary gland epithelium
  3. From odontogenic epithelium
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16
Q

List the types of tumors that result from squamous epithelium

A
  1. Papilloma
  2. Premalignant lesions
  3. Squamous cell carcinoma
  4. Verrucous carcinoma
  5. Basal cell carcinoma
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17
Q

Describe papillomas

A
  1. A benign tumor of squamous epithelium, can be premalignant
  2. Related in some cases to HPV
  3. A small exophytic pedunculated or sessile growth
  4. May be white or the color of normal mucosa
  5. Most often on the soft palate or tongue
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18
Q

Describe the microscopic appearance and treatment of papilloma

A

Microscopic
1. Numerous fingerlike or papillary projections with a central core of fibrous connective tissue surfaced by normal stratified squamous epithelium
Treatment
1. Surgical excision

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19
Q

List the common premalignant tumors of the oral cavity

A
  1. Leukoplakia
  2. Erythroplakia
  3. Epithelial dysplasia
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20
Q

Describe leukoplakia

A
  1. Means “white plaque” a very general term
  2. An undiagnosed white lesion - considered to be premalignant
  3. Biopsy is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis - Most leukoplakias are due to a hyperkeratosis
  4. Most leukoplakias are due to a hyperkeratosis - May show epithelial dysplasia, a premalignant condition, or even squamous cell carcinoma
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21
Q

Describe the treatment of leukoplakia

A
  1. Dependent on histologic finding
  2. Remove the cause and see if it resolves; if not, the lesion should be biopsied
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22
Q

Describe Erythroplakia

A
  1. An oral mucosal lesion appearing as a smooth red patch or a granular red and velvety patch
  2. Speckled leukoplakia: A lesion that shows a mix of red and white areas
  3. Most often located on the floor of the mouth, tongue, and soft palate
  4. Less common than leukoplakia
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23
Q

Describe Oral Submucous Fibrosis

A
  1. Chronic oral mucosal disease that is associated with betel-quid and areca-nut chewing
  2. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing are prevalent in Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, considered to be carcinogenic
  3. Increased deposition of collagen in the oral mucosa results in severe restriction of movement of the oral mucosa tissues
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24
Q

Describe epithelial dysplasia

A
  1. A histologic diagnosis of a premalignant condition - Indicates disordered growth; These lesions frequently precede squamous cell carcinoma; Changes may revert to normal if the stimulus is removed
  2. Clinically, it may present as an erythematous lesion, a white lesion, or a mixed erythematous and white lesion - Lesions often arise on the floor of the mouth or tongue; Microscopic tests confirm cells are abnormal
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25
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma

A
  1. A malignant tumor of squamous epithelium
  2. The most common primary malignancy of the oral cavity and second most common malignancy of the epithelium (skin)
  3. It can infiltrate adjacent tissues and form distant metastases
  4. Usually metastasizes to lymph nodes in the neck and then to distant sites, such as the lungs and liver
  5. Clinically, it usually is an exophytic ulcerative mass
  6. It can infiltrate and destroy bone
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26
Q

Describe the method by which squamous cell carcinoma spreads

A
  1. Tumor cells invade connective tissue underlying the epithelial basement membrane
  2. Cancer seeding: small pieces of the cancer ‘break off’ and travel to other parts of the body
  3. Seeding leads to metastasis if the ‘cancer seeds’ take root and begin to grow
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27
Q

Where doe squamous cell carcinoma typically occur?

A
  1. Occurs most often on the floor of the mouth, ventrolateral tongue, soft palate, tonsillar pillar, and retromolar areas
  2. May occur on the vermilion border of the lips and skin of the face: These locations have a better prognosis than SCC of the oral mucosa
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28
Q

Describe solar cheilitis (under umbrella of squamous cell carcinoma)

A
  1. A condition in which mild to severe epithelial dysplasia occurs
  2. Difficult to determine where lips and surrounding epithelium begin/end
  3. Crusting patches may be present
  4. Avoid sun exposure
  5. Use a sun-blocking agent
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29
Q

List the risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma

A
  1. Tobacco - Smoking: Cigar, cigarette, and pipe; Snuff dipping; Tobacco chewing
  2. Alcohol consumption
  3. Damage from ultraviolet rays
  4. Human papillomavirus (HPV)
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30
Q

Describe the treatment and prognosis for squamous cell carcinoma

A
  1. Generally is treated by surgical excision - Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be used; These patients may have xerostomia
  2. TNM staging may be used to determine the prognosis
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31
Q

Describe Verrucous Carcinoma

A
  1. A slow-growing exophytic tumor with a pebbly red and white surface
  2. A tumor with numerous papillary epithelial projections
  3. Papillary projections are filled with keratin
  4. Epithelium is well differentiated, does not contain atypical cells, and exhibits broad-based rete pegs
  5. The tumor does not show invasion through the basement membrane
  6. Carcinoma in situ: cancer has not breached the basement membrane = less chance of metastasis
  7. Treatment - Surgical excision
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32
Q

Describe basal cell carcinoma

A
  1. A malignant skin tumor associated with excessive exposure to the sun
  2. Frequently arises on the skin of the face
  3. Most common form of skin cancer
  4. Appears as a nonhealing ulcer with characteristic rolled pearly, opalescent borders
  5. Most cases in white adults with no sex predilection
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33
Q

Describe the microscopic appearance and treatment of basal cell carcinoma

A

Microscopic
1. A proliferation of basal cells into underlying connective tissue
Treatment
1. Surgical excision
2. Radiation therapy may be used to treat large lesions
3. Rarely metastasizes

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34
Q

List the common salivary gland tumors

A
  1. Pleomorphic adenoma
  2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (cylindroma)
  3. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
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35
Q

Describe salivary gland tumors

A
  1. May arise in either major or minor salivary glands - Minor salivary gland tumors are most often located at the junction of the hard and soft palate
  2. Adenomas - Benign tumors of salivary glands
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36
Q

Describe a Pleomorphic Adenoma
(Benign Mixed Tumor)

A
  1. A benign salivary gland tumor
  2. 90% of all salivary gland tumors
  3. The most common extraoral location is the parotid gland; the most common intraoral location is the palate
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37
Q

Describe the clinical appearance and treatment of Pleomorphic Adenomas
(Benign Mixed Tumor)

A

Clinically
1. Appears as a slowly enlarging, nonulcerated, painless, dome-shaped mass
Treatment
1. Surgical excision
2. Recurrence rates vary; they are related to the success of the initial surgical removal
3. Lesions have been known to undergo malignant transformation

38
Q

Describe Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (Cylindroma)

A
  1. A slow-growing malignant tumor of either major or minor salivary gland tissue
  2. May be ulcerated and painful
  3. Most common site: Parotid gland
39
Q

Describe the microscopic appearance and treatment of Adenoid Cystic
Carcinoma (Cylindroma)

A

Microscopic
1. Unencapsulated, infiltrates surrounding tissue
2. Small, deeply staining, uniform epithelial cells that resemble “Swiss cheese”
Treatment
1. Surgical excision

40
Q

Describe Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

A
  1. A malignant salivary gland tumor
  2. Unencapsulated, infiltrating tumor
  3. Major gland tumors are most often found in the parotid gland, minor gland tumors on the palate
  4. Appear clinically as slowly enlarging masses
  5. May appear in bone as either a unilocular or multilocular radiolucency
41
Q

Describe Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

A
  1. May occur over a wide age range - Usually occurs in adults, but is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor in children; Occurs most often in females
  2. Treatment - Surgical excision
42
Q

Describe Odontogenic Tumors

A
  1. Epithelial odontogenic tumors
  2. Mesenchymal odontogenic tumors
  3. Mixed odontogenic tumors
  4. Peripheral odontogenic tumors
  5. Derived from tooth-forming tissues
  6. They may be composed of epithelium, mesenchyme, or a combination of both
  7. Most are benign, but rare malignant forms exist
43
Q

Describe Epithelial Odontogenic Tumors

A
  1. Ameloblastoma
  2. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT)
  3. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
  4. Calcifying odontogenic cyst
44
Q

Describe Ameloblastoma

A
  1. A benign, slow-growing but locally aggressive epithelial odontogenic tumor
  2. May occur in either mandible or maxilla, most often in the mandible in the molar or ramus area
  3. Unencapsulated, infiltrates into surrounding tissue
  4. Composed of ameloblast-like epithelial cells surrounding areas resembling stellate reticulum
45
Q

Describe the radiographic appearance and treatment of Ameloblastoma

A

Radiographic
1. A multilocular soap bubble–like or honeycombed radiolucency
2. May occur anywhere within the jaws; can occur in association with a dentigerous cyst
3. May cause bone expansion
Treatment
1. Surgical removal
2. Recurrence is common

46
Q

Describe Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumors

A
  1. A benign epithelial odontogenic tumor - Composed of islands and sheets of polyhedral epithelial cells
  2. Most often affects adults, with no sex predilection
47
Q

Describe the radiographic appearance and treatment of Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumors

A

Radiographic
1. A unilocular or multilocular radiolucency
2. Occurs more often in mandible than maxilla, and most often in the bicuspid and molar area
Treatment
1. Surgical excision

48
Q

Describe Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumors (AOT)

A
  1. An encapsulated, benign epithelial odontogenic tumor
  2. 70% occur in females less than age 20
  3. 70%involve the anterior portion of the jaws
  4. More common in maxilla than in mandible
  5. Many are associated with impacted teeth
  6. The tumor is surrounded by a dense, fibrous connective tissue capsule
  7. Consists of ductlike structures, whorls, and large masses of cuboidal and spindle-shaped epithelial cells
49
Q

List the common Mesenchymal Odontogenic Tumors

A
  1. Odontogenic myxoma
  2. Central cementifying and ossifying fibromas
  3. Benign cementoblastoma
50
Q

Describe Odontogenic Myxoma

A
  1. A benign nonencapsulated infiltrating tumor
  2. Most often occurs in young people age 10 and 29
  3. No sex predilection
    Radiographic
  4. A multilocular, honeycombed radiolucency with poorly defined margins
  5. May become large and displace teeth
  6. Most often occurs in the mandible
    Treatment
  7. Surgical excision
  8. May recur
51
Q

Describe Central Cementifying and
Central Ossifying Fibromas

A
  1. A benign well-circumscribed tumor
  2. Usually occurs in adults in the third and fourth decades
  3. Occurs in females more often than in males
  4. Most cases occur in the mandible
    Radiographic
  5. Varies from radiolucent to radiopaque depending on the amount of calcified tissue
  6. Contains fibrous connective tissue and calcifications
    Treatment
  7. Surgical excision
  8. Recurrence is rare
52
Q

Describe Benign Cementoblastoma

A
  1. A cementum-producing lesion
    Radiographic
  2. A well-defined radiopaque mass with a surrounding radiolucent halo
    Treatment
  3. Enucleation of the tumor and removal of the involved tooth
  4. Does not recur
53
Q

List the common Mixed Odontogenic Tumors

A
  1. Ameloblastic fibroma
  2. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma
  3. Odontoma
54
Q

Describe Ameloblastic Fibroma

A
  1. A benign, nonencapsulated odontogenic tumor
  2. Occurs in young children and young adults
  3. Occurs more often in males
  4. Most commonly in the mandibular bicuspid and molar region
55
Q

Describe the radiographic appearance and treatment of Ameloblastic Fibromas

A

Radiographic
1. Well-defined or poorly defined unilocular or multilocular radiolucency
Treatment
1. Surgical excision
2. Low recurrence rate

56
Q

Describe compound and complex Odontogenic Tumors (Odontoma)

A

Compound
1. A mass that resembles teeth
2. Usually located in anterior maxilla
Complex
1. A mass that does not resemble teeth
2. Usually located in posterior mandible

57
Q

Describe Odontogenic Tumors (Odontoma)

A
  1. Most are found in adolescents and young adults
  2. Clinical manifestation: Failure of tooth to erupt
  3. Treatment - Surgical excision
58
Q

List the common Peripheral Odontogenic Tumors

A
  1. Peripheral ossifying fibroma
  2. Other peripheral odontogenic tumors
59
Q

Describe Peripheral Ossifying Fibromas

A
  1. A well-demarcated sessile or pedunculated lesion
  2. Most likely derived from cells of the periodontal ligament
  3. More common in females than in males
  4. Often occurs in young individuals
  5. Related to hormones and bacterial influence like calculus
  6. Composed of cellular fibrous connective tissue interspersed with scattered bone and cementum-like calcifications
  7. Treatment - Surgical excision
60
Q

List the common tumors of the soft tissue

A
  1. Lipoma
  2. Tumors of nerve tissue
  3. Tumors of muscle
  4. Vascular tumors
61
Q

Describe Lipomas

A
  1. A benign tumor of mature fat cells
  2. Clinically: A yellowish mass surrounded by a thin layer of epithelium
  3. Most commonly located on the buccal mucosa and the vestibule
  4. Most occur in individuals over age 40
62
Q

Describe the microscopic appearance and treatment of lipomas

A

Microscopic
1. A well-delineated tumor with mature fat cells uniform in size and shape
Treatment
1. Surgical excision

63
Q

List the common tumors of the nerve tissue

A
  1. Neurofibroma and schwannoma
  2. Granular cell tumor
  3. Congenital epulis
64
Q

Describe Neurofibroma and Schwannoma

A
  1. Benign tumors derived from Schwann cells in nerve tissue
  2. The tongue is the most common intraoral location
  3. May occur at any age, with no sex predilection
  4. Treatment - Surgical excision
65
Q

Describe the appearance of Neurofibroma

A

A fairly well-delineated, diffuse proliferation of spindle-shaped Schwann cells

66
Q

Describe the appearance of Schwannoma

A
  1. Spindle-shaped Schwann cells arranged in palisaded whorls around a central pink zone
  2. It is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
67
Q

Describe Granular Cell Tumor

A
  1. A benign tumor composed of large cells with a granular cytoplasm
  2. Most often occurs on the tongue, followed by the buccal mucosa
  3. A painless, nonulcerated nodule
  4. Most are found in adults, with a female sex predilection
68
Q

Describe tumors of muscle

A
  1. Extremely uncommon in the oral cavity
  2. Vascular leiomyomas - Rhabdomyoma (A benign tumor of striated muscle); Leiomyoma (A benign tumor of smooth muscle)
69
Q

Describe Rhabdomyosarcoma

A
  1. A malignant tumor of striated muscle
  2. The most common malignant soft tissue tumor of the head and neck in children
  3. Typically occurs in children under 10 years of age
  4. Has a male sex predilection
  5. A rapidly growing, destructive tumor
    Treatment
  6. Multidrug chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery
  7. Poor prognosis
70
Q

List the common Vascular Tumors

A
  1. Hemangioma
  2. Lymphangioma
  3. Malignant vascular tumors
71
Q

Describe Hemangioma

A
  1. A benign proliferation of capillaries
  2. Capillary hemangioma: Contains numerous small capillaries
  3. Cavernous hemangioma: Contains larger blood vessels
  4. Most are present at birth or arise shortly thereafter
  5. More than half occur in the head and neck area
  6. The tongue is the most common intraoral location
  7. More common in females
  8. May occur in adults in response to trauma
  9. Frequently blanch when pressure is applied
  10. Susceptible to sun damage
72
Q

Describe Lymphangioma

A
  1. A benign tumor of lymphatic vessels
  2. Most are present at birth
  3. Half arise in the head and neck area
  4. Intraorally, the most common location is the tongue, where it is an ill-defined mass with a pebbly surface
  5. A cystic lymphangioma in the neck is a cystic hygroma
  6. Treatment - Surgical excision, Tend to recur
72
Q

Describe treatment for Hemangioma

A
  1. Many undergo spontaneous remission
  2. Treatment is variable, includes surgery or the injection of a sclerosing solution
73
Q

Describe malignant vascular tumors

A
  1. Angiosarcoma may occur in the oral cavity, but it is rare
  2. Kaposi sarcoma may arise in multiple sites, including the skin and oral mucosa - It was historically seen in older men; A more aggressive form has arisen with HIV
74
Q

Describe the relationship between Kaposi sarcoma and HIV

A
  1. Lesions are often seen in the oral cavity as purple macules, plaques, or exophytic tumors
  2. Most commonly located on the hard palate and gingiva
  3. May also occur in patients with other forms of immunodeficiency
  4. Caused by a human herpesvirus
  5. Treatment - Surgical excision, Radiation therapy, Combination of both
75
Q

List common tumors of the Melanin-Producing Cells

A
  1. Melanocytic nevi
  2. Malignant melanoma
76
Q

Describe Melanocytic Nevus

A
  1. Nevus may refer to either a developmental tumor of melanocytes or a pigmented congenital lesion, also know commonly as a ‘mole’
  2. Can arise on the skin or the oral mucosa
  3. Intraoral tumors consist of tan-to-brown macules or papules
  4. Occur most often on the hard palate or buccal mucosa
  5. Occur twice as often in women as men
  6. Most are benign; some may be malignant
  7. Treatment - Biopsy, Surgical excision, Recurrence is rare
77
Q

Describe Malignant Melanoma

A
  1. A malignant tumor of melanocytes
  2. Most arise on the skin in response to prolonged exposure to sunlight
  3. Usually a rapidly enlarging blue-to-black mass
  4. An aggressive tumor with unpredictable behavior and early metastasis
  5. Most common intraoral locations are the palate and maxillary gingiva
  6. Usually occur in adults over 40 years of age
  7. Treatment - Surgical excision, Chemotherapy may be used along with surgery, Poor prognosis
78
Q

List the common tumors of the bone and cartilage

A
  1. Osteoma
  2. Osteosarcoma
  3. Tumors of cartilage
79
Q

Describe Osteoma

A
  1. An asymptomatic benign tumor composed of benign compact bone
  2. Radiographic - Appears as either a sharply delineated radiopaque mass within bone or attached to the outer surface of bone
  3. Treatment - Surgical excision
80
Q

Describe Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma)

A
  1. A malignant tumor of bone-forming tissue
  2. The most common primary malignant tumor of bone in patients less than 40 years of age
  3. Occurs twice as frequently in mandible as maxilla
  4. More common in males
  5. Treatment - Preoperative multiagent chemotherapy followed by surgery; Jaw tumors frequently recur
81
Q

Describe the radiographic appearance of Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma)

A
  1. May vary from radiolucent to radiopaque
  2. Usually a destructive, poorly defined lesion
  3. May or may not involve adjacent soft tissue
  4. Asymmetric widening of the periodontal ligament space, and a “sunburst” pattern may be seen
82
Q

Describe tumors of the cartilage

A
  1. Chondroma: A benign tumor of cartilage
  2. Chondrosarcoma: A malignant tumor of cartilage
  3. Treatment of chondrosarcomas - Wide surgical excision, Poor prognosis
83
Q

List the common tumors of blood forming tissue

A
  1. Leukemia
  2. Lymphoma
  3. Multiple myeloma
84
Q

Describe Leukemia

A
  1. A broad group of disorders characterized by an overproduction of atypical white blood cells
  2. The types of leukemia seen are classified according to the kinds of cells that are proliferating - Myelocytes, Lymphocytes, & Monocytes
  3. Acute leukemia is most common in children and young adults - Characterized by a proliferation of immature white blood cells
  4. Chronic leukemia most frequently occurs in middle-aged adults - Characterized by excess proliferation of mature white blood cells
  5. Treatment - Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and corticosteroids; Prognosis depends on the type and extent of disease
85
Q

Describe Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma)

A
  1. A malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
  2. Clinical presentation: Gradual enlargement of lymph nodes
  3. The most common intraoral location is the tonsils
  4. Usually occurs in adults
  5. More common in males than in females
  6. Treatment - Radiotherapy, Surgery, Chemotherapy, Combination of these therapies
86
Q

Describe Multiple Myeloma

A
  1. A systematic, malignant proliferation of plasma cells
  2. Causes destructive lesions in bone
  3. Most patients are older than 40 years; occurs most commonly in the seventh decade of life
  4. Males are affected more often than females
  5. Patients usually experience bone pain and swelling
87
Q

Describe the radiographic appearance and treatment of Multiple Myelomas

A

Radiographic
1. Multiple radiolucent lesions
2. The mandible is affected more often than the maxilla
Treatment
1. Chemotherapy and radiation
2. Poor prognosis

88
Q

Describe Metastatic Tumors

A
  1. Metastatic tumors from primary sites elsewhere in the body are rare
  2. Most tumors arise from the thyroid, breast, lungs, prostate gland, and kidneys
  3. The most frequent intraoral site for metastatic tumors is the mandible
  4. Patients may experience pain, paresthesia or anesthesia of the lip, swelling, expansion of the affected bone, and loosening of teeth in the affected area
  5. Most patients are adults
  6. Males are affected more often than females
89
Q

Describe the radiographic appearance and treatment of Metastatic Tumors

A

Radiographic
1. Lesions are usually poorly defined and radiolucent
2. Roots of involved teeth may show a spiked appearance
3. Some tumors may form bone and be radiopaque
Treatment
1. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
2. The prognosis for patients with tumors that have metastasized to the jaws is poor

Oral Pathology (11 decks)

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