LO 1 Flashcards
Define disease
- An interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs, or a morbid entity characterized usually by at least two of these criteria: recognized etiologic agent(s), identifiable group of signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomical alterations.
- Oral–systemic connection -Periodontal/oral infections may impact heart disease, stroke, diabetes, respiratory disease, and preterm low-birth-weight babies.
Describe oral medicine
- Designed to expand the scope and depth of knowledge and skills in pathophysiology, pharmacology, diagnosis, and primarily nonsurgical management of medically complex patients including those with medically related conditions affecting the oral and maxillofacial region.
- Emphasis is placed on treating patient from a “whole body” perspective.
What are the objectives for clinical evaluation?
- Screen for oral cancer
- Determine whether the patient is well enough to continue dental treatment
- Determine the need for medical or other consultations
- Enable early diagnosis of pathology
- Determine possible treatment modifications
- Prepare and record baseline patient assessment
- Review and update baseline assessment information
- Determine whether additional diagnostic procedures are necessary
What is the DH tole in describing and recording clinical findings?
- Detailed descriptions - History, location, distribution, definition, size, shape, color, consistency, and surface texture
- Photographs are excellent for documenting the appearance and progression or resolution of lesions.
- History—medical/dental history may provide clues to the etiology and history of the problem (diabetes, recent illnesses, and medications).
- Location—record the location on a diagrammatic representation or describe location using appropriate terminology; Pick fixed point of reference close to the lesion to start the description.; Use a probe to measure the distance from the point of reference and size of the lesion.
Describe a bulla
- A circumscribed, elevated lesion that is more than 5 mm in diameter
- Usually contains serous fluid (clear), and looks like a blister
Describe a macule
- An area that is usually distinguished by a color different from that of the surrounding tissue
- It is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue
- A freckle is an example of a macule
Describe a papule
- A small, circumscribed lesion usually less than 1 cm in diameter
- It is elevated or protrudes above the surface of normal surrounding tissue
Describe a pustule
Variously sized circumscribed elevations containing pus
Describe a vesicle
A small, elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter that contains serous fluid
Describe a pedunculated lesion
Attached by a stemlike or stalk-like base similar to that of a mushroom
Describe a Sessile lesion
Describes the base of a lesion that is flat or broad instead of stemlike
Describe a nodule
- A palpable solid lesion up to 1 cm in diameter found in soft tissue
- Can occur above, level with, or beneath the skin surface
Describe palpatation
- The evaluation of a lesion by feeling it with the fingers to determine the texture of the area
- Descriptive terms for palpation are soft, firm, semi-firm, and fluid filled
Describe the possible colours of a lesion
- Most frequent color descriptions: Red, pink, salmon, white, blue-black, gray, brown, and black
- Colour may be incorporated into general descriptions
- Erythema - An abnormal redness of the mucosa or gingiva
Describe Erythroplakia
- A clinical term used to describe an oral lesion that appears as a smooth red patch or granular red and velvety patch
- Less common than leukoplakia
Describe pallor
Paleness of the skin or mucosal tissues
Describe Leukoplakia
A clinical term for a white, plaque like lesion on the oral mucosa that cannot be rubbed off or diagnosed as a specific disease (often premalignant)
How do you describe the size of a lesion?
- Always use a standardized probe to measure lesions + include units of measure
- Centimeter (cm) - One hundredth of a meter; equivalent to a little less than one-half inch
- Millimeter (mm)- Most common measurement; easy to do using perio probe
How can you describe the surface texture of a lesion?
- Corrugated - wrinkled
- Fissure - A cleft or groove, normal or otherwise, showing prominent depth
- Papillary - Resembling small, nipple-shaped projections or elevations found in clusters
- Coalescence - The process by which parts of a whole join together, or fuse, to make one larger lesions. Ex. Herpes
- Diffuse - Describes a lesion with borders that are not well defined, making it impossible to detect the exact parameters of the lesion
Describe multilocular
- Rad term
- Describes a lesion that extends beyond the confines of one distinct area
- Defined as many lobes or parts that are somewhat fused together
- A multilocular radiolucency is sometimes described as resembling soap bubbles
Describe radiolucent
- Describes the black or dark areas on a radiograph
- Radiant energy can pass through these structures
- Less dense tissue, such as pulp, is seen as a radiolucent structure
Describe radio opaque
- Describes the light or white area on a radiograph that results from the inability of radiant energy to pass through the structure
- The denser the structure, the lighter or whiter it appears on the radiograph
Describe a lesion that is radiolucent and radiopaque
- A mixture of light and dark areas within a lesion
- Denotes a stage in lesion development
Describe root resorption
- Radiographically, the apex of the tooth appears shortened or blunted and irregularly shaped
- Occurs as a response to stimuli, which can include a cyst, tumor, or trauma
Describe external root resorption
Arises from tissue outside the tooth, such as the periodontal ligament
Describe internal root resorption
- Triggered by pulpal tissue reaction from within the tooth
- The pulpal area can be seen as a diffuse radiolucency beyond the confines of the normal pulp area