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BIO 115 - Head & Neck Anatomy > LO 5 > Flashcards

LO 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

In order to function, most tissue, structures, and organs have ___________, a supply of nerves to the body part.

A

innervation

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of nerves?

A
  1. Afferent (sensory)
  2. Efforent (motor)
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3
Q

Describe resting potential

A
  1. The plasma membrane of a neuron(like all other cells) has an unequal distribution of ions and electric charges between the two sides of the membrane.
  2. The fluid outside of the membrane has a positive charge; the fluid inside has a negative charge.
  3. This charge difference is a resting potential and is measured in millivolts.
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4
Q

Describe an action potential

A
  1. The rapid depolarization of the cell membrane results in an action potential, which then causes the propagation of the nerve impulse along the membrane.
  2. An action potential is a temporary reversal of the electric potential along the membrane for a brief period (less than a millisecond).
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5
Q

After passage of the action potential, there is a brief period—the __________—during which the membrane cannot be stimulated.

A

refractory period

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6
Q

Describe anasthesia

A
  1. Anesthesia is the loss of feeling or sensation resulting from the use of certain drugs or gases that serve as inhibitory neurotransmitters.
  2. Many local anesthetic agents such as lidocaine, as used in dentistry, mimic inhibitory neurotransmitters by decreasing sensory neurons’ ability to generate an action potential, thus producing localized anesthesia.
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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater - outermost membrane (surrounds and supports the large venous channels (dural sinuses) carrying blood from the brain toward the heart such as the cavernous sinus in the head.)
  2. Arachnoid mater - middle layer (underneath is the subarachnoid space that contains the cerebrospinal fluid)
  3. Pia mater - innermost membrane (delicate and highly vascularized)
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8
Q

What are the major divisions of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum - largest; two hemispheres
  2. Cerebellum - 2nd largest
  3. Brainstem - divisions: medulla, pons& midbrain
  4. Diencephalon: includes the thalamus (central relay point for incoming nerve impulses) and hypothalamus (regulates homeostasis - hunger, thirst, body temp., water balance, BP)
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9
Q

The ___________ is closest to the spinal cord

A

medulla

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10
Q

The ___________ connects the medulla with the cerebellum and with higher brain centers

A

pons

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11
Q

The ___________ includes relay stations for hearing, vision, and motor pathways.

A

midbrain

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12
Q

The __________ runs along the dorsal side of the body and links the brain to the rest of the body.

A

spinal cord

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13
Q

The efferent division of the PNS is divided into ____________

A
  1. the somatic nervous system: includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors. (is also part of the afferent)
  2. autonomic nervous system.
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14
Q

Autonomic fibers are _________ nerves

A

efferent

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15
Q

The autonomic nervous system always occur in two nerve chains, describe this.

A

The first nerve carries autonomic fibers to a ganglion, where they terminate near the cell bodies of the second nerve.

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16
Q

All twelve paired cranial nerves are connected to the brain at its base and pass through the skull by way of __________ or __________.

A
  1. fissures
  2. foramina
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17
Q

Describe the olfactory nerve (I)

A
  1. Afferent nerve
  2. Transmits smell from the nasal mucosa to the brain
  3. Enters the skull through the perforations in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to join the olfactory bulb in the brain.
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18
Q

Describe the optic nerve (II)

A
  1. Afferent nerve
  2. Transmits sight from the retina of the eye to the brain
  3. Enters the skull through the optic canal of the sphenoid bone on its way from the retina
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19
Q

Describe the oculomotor nerve (III)

A
  1. Efferent nerve
  2. Eye muscles that move the eyeball.
  3. Lies in the cavernous sinus and exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone.
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20
Q

Describe the trochlear nerve (IV)

A
  1. Efferent nerve
  2. One eye muscle
  3. Runs in the cavernous sinus and exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone.
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21
Q

Describe the trigeminal nerve (V)

A
  1. Efferent: muscles of mastication & other cranial muscles
  2. Afferent: face & head skin, teeth, oral cavity, most general sensation of the tongue
  3. Has 2 roots: sensory and motor.
  4. The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve has three nerve divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. It is the largest.
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22
Q

Describe the functions of each division of the trigeminal nerve (V)

A
  1. The ophthalmic nerve (division) provides sensation to the upper face and scalp.
  2. The maxillary and mandibular nerves (divisions) provide sensation to the middle and lower face, respectively.
  3. Each of the three nerves or divisions of the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve enters the skull in one of three different locations in the sphenoid bone.
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23
Q

The ophthalmic nerve or division of the trigeminal nerve enters through the _________.

A

superior orbital fissure

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24
Q

The maxillary nerve or division of the trigeminal nerve enters by way of the ___________.

A

foramen rotundum

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25
Q

The mandibular nerve or division or division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the skull by way of the __________.

A

foramen ovale

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26
Q

The motor root of the trigeminal nerve accompanies the mandibular nerve of the sensory root and also exits the skull through the _________ of the sphenoid bone.

A

foramen ovale

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27
Q

Describe the abducens nerve (VI)

A
  1. Efferent nerve
  2. One eye muscle
  3. Exits the skull through the superior orbital fissure
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28
Q

Describe the facial nerve (VII)

A
  1. Efferent: muscles of facial expression &other cranial muscles
  2. Lacrimal gland
    Submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary glands
  3. Leaves the cranial cavity by passing through the internal acoustic meatus
  4. Exits the skull by the stylomastoid foramen of the temporal bone
  5. This nerve is also important to dental professionals because travels through the parotid gland
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29
Q

Describe the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A
  1. Afferent: inner ear-
    hearing and balance.
  2. Enters the cranial cavity through the internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone.
  3. Exits the skull by the stylomastoid foramen.
  4. This nerve is also important to dental professionals because travels through the parotid gland
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30
Q

Describe the glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  1. Efferent: Stylopharingeus muscle
    Parotid salivary gland Mucous glands of pharynx
  2. Afferent: skin around ear, mucosa of pharynx and middle ear, taste and general sensation for posterior tongue afferent limb of the gag reflex.
  3. Passes through the skull by way of the jugular foramen, between the occipital and temporal bones.
  4. After supplying the ear, parasympathetic fibers leave the skull through the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone as the lesser petrosal nerve.
31
Q

Describe the vagus nerve

A
  1. Efferent: most muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal organs
  2. Afferent: skin around ear, taste sensation for epiglottis
    Passes through the skull by way of the jugular foramen.
  3. This nerve is important to dental professionals because it innervates relevant tissue of the head and neck.
32
Q

Describe the accessory nerve

A
  1. Efferent: muscles of the neck (trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles as well as for muscles of the soft palate and pharynx)
  2. Exits the skull through the jugular foramen.
  3. This nerve is important to dental professionals because it innervates relevant tissue of the head and neck
33
Q

Describe the hypoglossal nerve

A
  1. Efferent: tongue muscles
  2. Exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone.
  3. The hypoglossal nerve is important to dental professionals because it innervates the tongue.
34
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  1. Ophthalmic (V1) - provides sensation to the upper face and scalp.
  2. Maxillary (V2) - provides sensation to the middle part of the face
  3. Mandibular (V3) - provides sensation to the lower part of the face
35
Q

The ophthalmic nerve and maxillary nerve of the sensory root carry only ___________.

A

afferent nerves

36
Q

The mandibular nerve of the sensory root runs together with the motor root : carries ____________. The motor root supplies the efferent nerves for ___________.

A
  1. both afferent& efferent nerves
  2. muscles of mastication
37
Q

Describe the ophthalmic nerve (V1)

A
  1. This smallest division serves as an afferent nerve for: conjunctiva, cornea, eyeball, orbit, forehead, ethmoid and frontal sinuses, a part of the dura mater.
  2. The nerve carries this sensory through the superior orbital fissure.
38
Q

Describe the Maxillary Nerve V2

A
  1. The largest part of the maxillary nerve is the infraorbital nerve.
  2. Tributaries of the infraorbital nerve or maxillary nerve trunk include: the zygomatic, the anterior, middle and posterior superior alveolar, the greater and lesser palatine, and the nasopalatine nerves.
  3. The afferent nerve branches of the maxillary nerve carry sensory information for the maxillae and overlying skin, maxillary sinuses, nasal cavity, palate, nasopharynx, and part of the dura mater.
  4. After all these branches come together the nerve enters the skull through the foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone.
39
Q

Describe the infraorbital nerve of the maxillary nerve (V2)

A
  1. The infraorbital nerve or IO nerve is an afferent nerve that has branches to innervate the upper lip, the medial part of the cheek, the lower eyelid, and the side of the nose.
  2. The IO nerve travels through the infraorbital canal, along with the infraorbital blood vessels where it is joined by the anterior superior alveolar nerve.
  3. After it leaves the infraorbital groove and within the pterygopalatine fossa, the IO nerve receives the posterior superior alveolar nerve.
  4. The IO nerve then passes into the infraorbital foramen of the maxilla, which is a landmark for the infraorbital block, which when given, anesthetizes the IO nerve as well as both the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves.
40
Q

Describe the anterior superior alveolar nerve -ASA nerve

A
  1. Branch of the maxillary nerve (V2)
  2. originates from dental branches in the pulp of these teeth that exit through the apical foramina.
  3. The ASA nerve also receives interdental branches from the surrounding periodontium.
  4. The ASA nerve then ascends along the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus to join the IO nerve within the infraorbital canal.
  5. an afferent nerve of sensation (including pain) for the maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, and canine, as well as their associated tissue.
  6. innervates the overlying facial gingiva.
  7. Many times the ASA nerve also provides crossover-innervation to the contralateral side in a patient.
  8. The ASA nerve also receives interdental branches from the surrounding periodontium, forming a dental plexus or nerve network in the maxilla for the region
  9. landmark for the anterior superior alveolar block that anesthetizes the ASA nerve.
41
Q

Describe crossover innervation

A

The overlap of terminal nerve fibers from the contralateral side of the dental arch.

42
Q

Describe the Middle Superior Alveolar (MSA) Nerve of the maxillary nerve (V2)

A
  1. The MSA nerve ascends to join the IO nerve by running in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus.
  2. MSA nerve serves as an afferent nerve of sensation (including pain), usually for the maxillary premolar teeth and mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar and their associated periodontium and overlying buccal gingiva.
  3. It is important to note that the MSA nerve is not present in all patients.
  4. If this nerve is not present, the area is innervated by both the ASA and PSA, but mainly by the ASA nerve.
  5. If the MSA nerve is present, there is communication between the MSA nerve and both the ASA and posterior superior alveolar nerves.
43
Q

The MSA nerve, like the PSA and ASA nerves, all form the ___________ or ________ in the maxilla, which is a landmark for the anterior superior alveolar block, middle superior alveolar block, and posterior superior alveolar block which anesthetizes the ASA, MSA and the PSA nerve.

A
  1. dental plexus
  2. nerve network
44
Q

Describe the posterior superior alveolar nerve -PSA of the maxillary nerve (V2)

A
  1. The posterior superior alveolar nerve -PSA nerve joins the IO nerve
  2. Afferent nerve branches of the PSA nerve originate from dental branches in the pulp of each of the maxillary molar teeth that exit the teeth by way of the apical foramina.
  3. The PSA nerve serves as an afferent nerve of sensation (including pain) for most parts of the maxillary molar teeth and their periodontium and buccal gingiva (maxillary second and third molars and the palatal and distal buccal root of the maxillary first molar), as well as the maxillary sinus.
  4. All the internal branches of the PSA nerve exit from several posterior superior alveolar foramina on the maxillary tuberosity of the maxilla, which are landmarks for the posterior superior alveolar block.
45
Q

Describe the greater palatine nerve of the maxillary nerve (V2)

A
  1. Both join with the maxillary nerve from the palate
  2. GP(anterior palatine)nerve enters the greater palatine foramen in the horizontal plate of palatine bone near the maxillary second or third molar and is a landmark for the greater palatine block.
  3. The GP nerve serves as an afferent nerve for the posterior hard palate and posterior lingual gingiva.
  4. Communication occurs with the terminal fibers of the nasopalatine nerve in the anterior hard palate, lingual to the maxillary canines.
46
Q

Describe the lesser palatine nerve of the maxillary nerve (V2)

A
  1. The lesser palatine nerve (posterior palatine) :afferent nerve for the soft palate and palatine tonsils.
  2. The lesser palatine nerve enters the lesser palatine foramen in the palatine bone along with the lesser palatine blood vessels.
  3. The lesser palatine nerve then joins the GP nerve within the pterygopalatine canal to go toward the maxillary nerve.
47
Q

Describe the nasopalatine nerve (NP nerve) of the maxillary nerve (V2)

A
  1. The nasopalatine nerve (NP nerve) originates and innervates the mucosa of the anterior hard palate, lingual to the maxillary anterior teeth, the maxillary central incisors and nasal septal tissue.
  2. Both the right and left NP nerves enter the incisive canal by way of the incisive foramen, deep to the incisive papilla, thus exiting the oral cavity.
  3. The NP nerve then travels along the nasal septum.
  4. Communication also occurs with the GP nerve in the area that is located lingual to the maxillary canines.
48
Q

Both the right and left NP nerves enter the incisive canal by way of the incisive foramen, deep to the incisive papilla, thus exiting the oral cavity, which is a landmark for the ________.

A

nasopalatine block

49
Q

Describe the mandibular nerve (V3)

A
  1. The mandibular nerve is found within the infratemporal fossa before the nerve passes through the foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone.
  2. The mandibular nerve then joins with the ophthalmic nerve and maxillary nerve to form the trigeminal nerve.
  3. The mandibular nerve is the largest of the three nerve divisions that form the trigeminal nerve; the mandibular nerve is also a mixed nerve with both afferent and efferent nerves.
  4. Additionally, it contains the entire efferent part of the trigeminal nerve.
50
Q

The anterior trunk, or anterior division of the mandibular nerve, is formed by the merger of the _________. The anterior trunk has both afferent and efferent nerves.

A

buccal nerve and additional muscular nerve branches

51
Q

Describe the buccal nerve of the mandibular nerve (V3)

A
  1. The buccal nerve (long buccal nerve) is located on the surface of the buccinator muscle.
  2. The buccal nerve travels posteriorly in the cheek, deep to the masseter muscle.
  3. At the level of the occlusal plane of the most distal molar of the mandibular arch, the nerve crosses anteriorly to the anterior border of the ramus, which is a landmark for the buccal block.
52
Q

Describe the Muscular Branches of
Anterior Trunk of Mandibular Nerve

A
  1. Several muscular branches are part of the anterior trunk of V3. They arise from the motor root of the trigeminal nerve.
  2. The deep temporal nerves, usually two, anterior and posterior, are efferent nerves that innervate the temporalis muscle
  3. The masseteric nerve : efferent nerve
  4. lateral pterygoid nerve
53
Q

Describe the masseteric nerve of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

A
  1. efferent nerve
  2. accompanies the masseteric blood vessels through the mandibular notch to innervate the masseter muscle
  3. A small sensory branch also goes to the temporomandibular joint.
54
Q

Describe the lateral pterygoid nerve of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

A

Enters the deep surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle between the muscle’s two heads of origin and serves as an efferent nerve for that muscle.

55
Q

Describe the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

A
  1. The posterior trunk( posterior division) of the mandibular nerve, is formed by the merger of the auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves.
  2. The posterior trunk has both afferent and efferent nerves.
56
Q

The auriculotemporal nerve travels with the superficial temporal artery and vein and serves as an ________ nerve for the external ear and scalp.

A

afferent

57
Q

Describe the lingual nerve of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

A
  1. The lingual nerve is formed from afferent branches from the body of the tongue that travel along the lateral surface of the tongue.
  2. At the base of the tongue, the lingual nerve ascends and runs between the medial pterygoid muscle and the mandible, anterior and slightly medial to the inferior alveolar nerve.
  3. Afferent nerve for: general sensation for the body of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the lingual gingiva of the mandibular teeth.
  4. Thus the lingual nerve is also anesthetized when administering an inferior alveolar block through diffusion of the local anesthetic agent
58
Q

Describe the inferior alveolar nerve (IA nerve) of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

A
  1. an afferent nerve formed from the merger of the mental and incisive nerves.
  2. After forming, the IA nerve continues to travel through the mandibular canal.
  3. The IA nerve is joined by dental branches such as both interdental and interradicular branches from the mandibular posterior teeth, forming a dental plexus or nerve network in the region.
  4. The IA nerve then exits the mandible through the mandibular foramen where it is joined by the mylohyoid nerve.
  5. The mandibular foramen is an opening of the mandibular canal on the medial surface of the ramus, three fourths the distance from the coronoid notch to the posterior border of the ramus
  6. The IA nerve then travels lateral to the medial pterygoid muscle, between the sphenomandibular ligament and ramus of the mandible. This is posterior and slightly lateral to the lingual nerve.
  7. The IA nerve carries afferent innervation for the mandibular teeth.
59
Q

What are the Inferior alveolar block landmarks?

A
  1. mandibular foramen
  2. medial pterygoid muscle,
  3. sphenomandibular ligament
  4. ramus of the mandible
  5. lingual nerve
60
Q

Describe the mental nerve of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

A
  1. The mental nerve enters the mental foramen on the lateral surface of the mandible, usually between the apices of the mandibular first and second premolars which is a landmark for the mental block.
  2. merges with the incisive nerve to form the IA nerve within the mandibular canal and before the mandibular foramen.
  3. Composed of external branches that serve as an afferent nerve for the chin, lower lip, and labial mucosa of the mandibular premolars and anterior teeth.
61
Q

Describe the incisive nerve of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

A
  1. The incisive nerve :afferent nerve composed of dental branches from the mandibular premolar and anterior teeth that originate in the pulp, exit the teeth through the apical foramina, and join with interdental branches from the surrounding periodontium, forming a dental plexus in the region.
  2. The incisive nerve then merges with the mental nerve, just posterior to the mental foramen.
  3. The incisive nerve will form the IA nerve within the mandibular canal before it exits the mandibular canal.
  4. The mental foramen on the anterolateral surface of the mandible is usually between the apices of the mandibular first and second premolars.
  5. The incisive nerve serves as an afferent nerve for the mandibular premolars and anterior teeth.
62
Q

Describe crossover innervation of the incisive nerve

A
  1. Crossover-innervation from the contralateral incisive nerve can also occur.
  2. The incisive nerve merges with the mental nerve, posterior to the mental foramen, where it is anesthetized by the incisive local block.
63
Q

After the inferior alveolar nerve exits the mandibular foramen, a small branch occurs, the ________.

A

mylohyoid nerve

64
Q

Describe the mylohyoid nerve

A
  1. The mylohyoid nerve serves as an efferent nerve to the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric muscle (the posterior belly of the digastric muscle is innervated by a branch from the facial nerve).
  2. May serve as an afferent nerve for the mandibular first molar, which needs to be considered when the inferior alveolar block fails;
  3. Can be additionally anesthetized by giving a supraperiosteal injection at the apex of the mesial root of the mandibular first molar on the medial surface of the mandible.
65
Q

Describe trigeminal neuralgia (TN) (or tic douloureux)

A
  1. has no known cause - involves the afferent nerves of the fifth cranial or trigeminal nerve.
  2. It usually involves the maxillary or mandibular nerve branches but not the ophthalmic branch.
  3. Clinically, the patient feels excruciating short-term pain when facial trigger zones are touched or when speaking or masticating, setting off associated brief muscle spasms in the area.
  4. Pain provokes brief muscle spasm of the facial muscles, thus producing the tic.
66
Q

Describe the facial nerve

A
  1. The facial nerve emerges from the brain and enters the internal acoustic meatus in the petrous part of the temporal bone.
  2. Within the bone, the facial nerve gives off a small efferent branch to the muscle in the middle ear (stapedius) and two larger branches, the greater petrosal and chorda tympani nerves
  3. The main trunk of the facial nerve emerges from the skull through the stylomastoid foramen of the temporal
  4. Two branches:the posterior auricular nerve and the posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles.
  5. The facial nerve then passes into the parotid salivary gland and divides into numerous branches to supply the muscles of facial expression, but not the parotid salivary gland itself.
67
Q

The facial nerve carries both efferent and afferent nerves. The nerve carries an efferent component for the ________

A
  1. muscles of facial expression
  2. lacrimal gland
  3. submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
68
Q

Describe the greater petrosal nerve

A
  1. The greater petrosal nerve is a branch off the facial nerve.
  2. The greater petrosal nerve carries efferent nerve fibers to the lacrimal gland (via the zygomatic and lacrimal nerves), nasal cavity, and minor salivary glands of the hard and soft palate.
  3. The greater petrosal nerve also carries afferent nerve fibers for taste sensation in the palate.
69
Q

Describe the chorda tympani nerve

A
  1. The chorda tympani nerve branches off the facial nerve and crosses the medial surface of the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
  2. The chorda tympani nerve then travels with the lingual nerve along the floor of the mouth.
  3. Efferent nerve for the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
  4. Afferent nerve for taste sensation for the body of the tongue.
70
Q

Describe the additional efferent nerve branches of the facial nerve that originate within the parotid salivary gland and pass to the muscles they innervate.

A
  1. The temporal branches supply the muscles anterior to the ear, frontal belly of the epicranial muscle, superior part of the orbicularis oculi muscle, and corrugator supercilii muscle.
  2. The zygomatic branches supply the inferior part of the orbicularis oculi muscle and zygomatic major and minor muscles.
  3. The buccal branches supply the muscles of the upper lip and nose and buccinator, risorius, and orbicularis oris muscles.
  4. The (marginal) mandibular branch supplies the muscles of the lower lip and mentalis muscle.
  5. The cervical branch runs inferior to the mandible to supply the platysma muscle.
71
Q

Describe facial paralysis

A
  1. the loss of muscular action of the muscles of facial expression.
  2. This lesion can occur secondary to a brain injury by way of a stroke (cerebrovascular accident), with other muscles of the head and neck also affected.
  3. The lesion can also occur by directly injuring the nerve that supplies the efferent nerves to the muscles of facial expression, the seventh cranial or facial nerve.
  4. Bell palsy involves unilateral facial paralysis with no known cause, except that there is a loss of excitability of the involved facial nerve.
72
Q

List the types of maxillary nerve anesthesia

A
  1. posterior superior alveolar block
  2. middle superior alveolar block
  3. anterior superior alveolar alveolar block
  4. greater palatine block
  5. infraorbital block
  6. nasopalatine block
73
Q

List the types of mandibular nerve anesthesia

A
  1. inferior alveolar block
  2. buccal block
  3. mental block
  4. incisive block
  5. gow-gates mandibular nerve block

BIO 115 - Head & Neck Anatomy (6 decks)

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