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BIO 115 - Head & Neck Anatomy > LO 3 > Flashcards

LO 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the origin and insertion of a muscle

A
  1. Origin - end of the muscle attached to the least moveable structure
  2. Insertion - end of the muscle attached to the more moveable structure
  3. Generally, the insertion of the muscle moves toward the origin where the muscle arises when the muscle is contracted.
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2
Q

Why should a DH know the muscles of the head and neck?

A
  1. Patient examination - This information is important because the placement of many other structures such as bones, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes is related to the location of these skeletal muscles.
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3
Q

What are the 6 main groups of muscles?

A

1.Cervical muscles
2.Muscles of facial expression
3.Muscles of mastication
4. Hyoid muscles
5.Muscles of the tongue
6.Muscles of the pharynx.

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4
Q

Describe the cervical muscles

A
  1. Two cervical muscles - sternocleidomastoid; trapezius muscles
  2. Both are superficially located on the neck
  3. Serve to hold and stabilize the head
  4. Position the head in relation to the rest of the body.
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5
Q

Describe the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)

A
  1. One of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles
  2. Paired, thick
  3. Serves as a primary muscular landmark of the neck during an extraoral examination of a patient
  4. Divides the neck region into anterior and posterior cervical triangles.
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6
Q

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)

A

Clavicle and the sternum’s superior and lateral surfaces

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7
Q

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)

A
  1. The mastoid process of the temporal bone
  2. This insertion is just posterior and inferior to the external acoustic meatus
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8
Q

Describe the action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)

A
  1. If one side contracts, the head and
    neck bend to the ipsilateral(same) side, and the face and neck rotate to the contralateral side
  2. Easily palpated when the client moves the
    head to the contralateral side
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9
Q

Where is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM)

A

CN XI (accessory nerve)

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10
Q

Where are the origin and insertion of the trapezius muscle?

A
  1. Origin - external surface of the occipital bone and posterior midline of the cervical and thoracic regions
  2. Insertion - lateral part of the clavicle and parts of the scapula
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11
Q

What is the action of the trapezius muscle?

A
  1. lift the clavicle and scapula(as when the shoulders are shrugged)
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12
Q

Where is the trapezius innervated?

A

CN XI (accessory nerve) and the 3 rd and 4th cervical nerves

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13
Q

Describe the muscles of facial expressions

A
  1. The muscles of facial expression are
    paired muscles.
  2. When they contract, the skin moves- and they can also cause wrinkles
  3. The use of these muscles is noted during the EOE
  4. All the muscles of facial expression
    originate from the surface of the
    skull bone (rarely the fascia) and
    insert on the dermis of the skin
    Fascia
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14
Q

_________ is a band of connective tissue under the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal structures

A

Fascia

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15
Q

What are the 3 groups of muscles of facial expression?

A
  1. Scalp region
  2. Eye region
  3. Mouth region
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16
Q

Where are the muscles of facial expression innervated?

A
  1. All the muscles of facial expression are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve
    (CN VII /facial nerve)
  2. each nerve serves only one side of the face
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17
Q

Damage to the facial nerve results in _________ of the muscles of facial expression on the involved side

A

facial paralysis

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18
Q

Describe the epicranial muscle (epicranius) - Muscles of Facial Expression – Scalp Region

A
  1. This muscle has two bellies
  2. frontal belly - Origin: the epicranial aponeurosis; Insertion: skin tissue of the eyebrow and root of the nose.
  3. occipital belly - Origin: occipital bone and mastoid process of the temporal bone; Insertion: epicranial aponeurosis
  4. The bellies are separated by the epicranial aponeurosis – a large, broad scalpal tendon located over the most superior portion of the skull.
  5. Both bellies of the epicranial muscle raise the eyebrows and scalp, as when a person shows surprise. However, the two bellies can also act independently of each other during certain facial expressions.
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19
Q

Describe the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Eye Region

A
  1. Origin - orbital rim, nasal process of the frontal bone, and frontal process of the maxilla.
  2. Insertion - Most of the fibers insert in the skin tissue at the lateral region of the eye
  3. some of the inner fibers completely encircle the eye
  4. Encircles the orbit
  5. This muscle has important functions in protecting and moistening the eye, as well as in facial expression. Thus loss of its use can possibly damage the eye(s) due to the subsequent dryness.
  6. The muscle closes the eyelid.
  7. If all fibers are active, the eye can be squinted, and wrinkles or “crow’s feet” form at the lateral canthus; these lines become especially defined with aging.
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20
Q

Describe the Corrugator Supercilii Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Eye Region

A
  1. The corrugator supercilii muscle is
    located deep to the superior portion
    of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
  2. Origin - frontal bone in the supraorbital region (then passes superiorly and laterally)
  3. Insertion - in the skin tissue of the eyebrow
  4. It draws the skin tissue of the eyebrow medially and inferiorly toward the nose.
  5. This movement causes vertical wrinkles in the glabella area of the forehead and horizontal wrinkles at the bridge of the nose, as when a person frowns.
  6. The muscle works in concert with the muscles of the nasal region.
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21
Q

Describe the Orbicularis Oris Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. This muscle acts to shape and control the size of the mouth opening and is important for creating lip positions and movements during speech.
  2. This muscle encircles the mouth
  3. Insertion - in the skin tissue at the angle of the mouth/In the upper lip, fibres also insert on the ridges of the philtrum.
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22
Q

What are the 4 distinct movements of the Orbicularis Oris Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. a pressing together (closing the lips)
  2. a tightening and thinning (pursing the lips)
  3. a rolling inwards between the teeth(grimacing)
  4. a thrusting outwards (pouting and kissing
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23
Q

Describe the Buccinator Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. Forms the anterior portion of the cheek
    (i.e., the lateral wall of the oral cavity)
  2. Origin: 3 areas - alveolar process of the maxilla; alveolar process of the mandible; the pterygomandibular raphe (a fibrous structure)
  3. Insertion - runs horizontally to insert into the skin tissue at the angle of the mouth
  4. Thus, the muscle has different fiber groups - deep vertical fibers between the alveolar processes and superficial horizontal fibers from the raphe to the corner of the mouth
  5. pulls the angle of the mouth laterally and shortens the cheek both vertically and horizontally
  6. This action keeps food pushed back on the occlusal surface of teeth, as when a person chews.
  7. In infants, the muscle provides suction for suckling. In addition, because of its importance in expelling air through pursed lips, blowpipes, or wind instruments, it has been called the trumpet muscle
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24
Q

Describe the Risorius Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. Origin - fascia superficial to the masseter muscle
  2. Insertion - passes anteriorly to insert in the skin tissue at the angle of the mouth
  3. Action - It acts to stretch the lips laterally, retracting the labial commissures and widening the oral cavity.
  4. It was erroneously thought to produce “grinning” or “smiling“, but it really produces more of a grimace
  5. It has a connection with the platysma in that it often contracts with it.
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25
Q

Describe the Levator Labii Superioris Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. A broad, flat muscle of facial expression in the mouth region
  2. Origin - infraorbital rim of the maxilla
  3. Passes inferiorly to insert in the skin tissue of the upper lip
  4. Function - elevates the upper lip
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26
Q

Describe the Levator Labii Superioris
Alaeque Nasi Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. Origin - frontal process of the maxilla
  2. Insertion - passes inferiorly to insert into two areas: skin tissue of the ala of the nose; the upper lip
  3. Action - Elevates the upper lip
    and ala of the nose, thus also dilating the nostrils; a sneering expression
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27
Q

Describe the Zygomaticus Major Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. Origin - zygomatic bone, lateral to the zygomaticus minor muscle
  2. Insertion - passes anteriorly and inferiorly to insert in the skin tissue at the angle of the mouth
  3. Function - It elevates the angle of the upper lip and pulls it laterally, as when a person smiles.
  4. Some research suggests that the difference between a genuine smile and a perfunctory (or lying) smile is that when a person truly feels happy, the zygomatic major muscle contracts together with orbicularis oculi muscle.
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28
Q

Describe the Zygomaticus Minor Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. Origin - on the body of the zygomatic bone
  2. Insertion - inserts in the skin tissue of the upper lip, adjacent to the insertion of the levator labii superioris muscle
  3. Function - elevates the upper lip, assisting in smiling
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29
Q

Describe the Levator Anguli Oris
Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. Located deep to both the zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor muscles
  2. Origin - on the canine fossa of the maxilla,usually superior to the maxillary canine root
  3. Insertion - passes inferiorly to insert in skin tissues at the angle of the mouth
  4. Function - elevates the angle of the mouth, as when a person smiles
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30
Q

Describe the Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. The triangular muscle of facial expression in the lower mouth region
  2. Origin - on the lower border of the mandible
  3. Insertion - passes superiorly to insert in the skin tissue at the angle of the mouth
  4. Function - depresses the angle of the mouth, as when a person frowns
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31
Q

Describe the Depressor Labii Inferioris Muscle - Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. located deep to the depressor anguli oris muscle
  2. Origin - Also originates on the lower border of the mandible
  3. Insertion - passes superiorly to insert in the skin tissue of the lower lip
  4. Function - Depresses the lower lip, exposing the mandibular incisors
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32
Q

Describe the Mentalis Muscle- Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. a short, thick muscle of facial expression superior and medial to the mental nerve in the mouth region
  2. Origin - on the mandible near the midline
  3. Insertion - into the skin tissue of the chin
  4. Function - raises the chin, causing the displaced lower lip to protrude and narrowing the oral vestibule.
  5. When active, these fibers may dislodge a
    complete denture in an edentulous client who has lost alveolar ridge height.
  6. The mentalis is so named because it is associated with thinking or concentration; it also has been said to express doubt
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33
Q

Describe the Platysma Muscle- Muscles of Facial Expression – Mouth Region

A
  1. Runs from the neck all the way to the mouth, covering the anterior cervical triangle - looks like a scarf
  2. Origin - in the skin tissue superficial to the clavicle and shoulder
  3. Insertion - passes anteriorly to insert on the lower border of the mandible and the muscles surrounding the mouth
  4. Function - It raises the skin of the neck to form noticeable vertical and horizontal ridges and depressions.
  5. It can also can pull the corner of the mouth down, as when a person grimaces.
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34
Q

Describe the muscles of the nasal region

A
  1. The three muscles associated with the nasal region are the: nasalis, procerus, and depressor septi nasi.
  2. The largest and best developed of the group is the nasalis, which is active when the nares are flared.
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35
Q

What are the 4 pairs of muscles of mastication and what are they attached to?

A
  1. The masseter
  2. Temporalis
  3. Medial pterygoid
  4. Lateral pterygoid muscles
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36
Q

Where are the origin and insertion points for the muscles of mastication

A
  1. Origin - cranium
  2. Insertion - mandible
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37
Q

Where are the muscles of mastication innervated?

A

All the muscles of mastication are innervated by the mandibular division of the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal, nerve).

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38
Q

Describe the actions of the muscles of mastication

A
  1. Work with the temporomandibular joint to accomplish these movements of the mandible: Depression, Elevation, Protrusion, Retraction, Lateral deviation
  2. closing the jaw
  3. moving the lower jaw forward or backward
  4. shifting the lower jaw to one side.
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39
Q

Describe the masseter muscle

A
  1. The most obvious muscle of mastication
  2. The most superficial
  3. One of the strongest.
  4. The muscle is a broad, thick, flat rectangular muscle on each side of the face, anterior to the parotid salivary gland.
  5. Has two heads - The superficial head; The deep head (differ in depth)
40
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the masseter muscle?

A
  1. Both heads (superficial and deep) originate from the zygomatic arch but from differing locations.
  2. The deep part is partly concealed by the superficial head of the muscle.
  3. Both these heads insert on the mandible
41
Q

Describe the action of the masseter muscle

A
  1. During bilateral contraction :to elevate the mandible, raising the lower jaw.
  2. Elevation of the mandible occurs during the closing of the jaws.
42
Q

Describe the pathology of the masseter muscle

A

The masseter muscle can become enlarged in patients who habitually clench or grind their teeth (with bruxism) and even in those who constantly chew gum.

43
Q

Describe the temporalis muscle

A
  1. is a broad, bilateral fan-shaped muscle of mastication
  2. fills the temporal fossa, superior to the zygomatic arch.
  3. Temporal fossa: is a flat, fan-shaped depression on the lateral surface of the skull.
  4. It contains the body of the temporalis muscle
44
Q

What are the origin and insertion points of the temporalis muscle?

A
  1. Origin - the entire temporal fossa on the temporal bone
  2. Insertion - onto the coronoid process of the mandible.
45
Q

Describe the main action of the temporalis muscle

A
  1. elevates the mandible, raising the lower jaw.
  2. Elevation of the mandible occurs during the closing of the jaws
  3. If only the posterior part contracts, the muscle moves the lower jaw backward=retraction of the mandible.
  4. Retraction of the jaw often accompanies the closing of the jaws.
  5. This muscle also maintains the mandible in its physiologic rest position, allowing for freeway space.
46
Q

Describe the Medial Pterygoid Muscle(internal pterygoid muscle)

A
  1. Deeper than the masseter muscle
  2. Rectangular form
  3. Two heads - deep head and superficial head
  4. Is the deepest muscle of mastication
47
Q

What are the origin and insertion points of the Medial Pterygoid Muscle?

A
  1. The smaller superficial head originates from the palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity
  2. Both insert on the ramus and angle of the mandible, as far superior as the mandibular foramen.
48
Q

Describe the main action of the Medial Pterygoid Muscle

A
  1. Elevates the mandible, raising the lower jaw.
  2. Elevation of the mandible occurs during the closing of the jaws.
  3. The medial pterygoid muscle parallels the action of masseter muscle, but the effect is smaller overall.
49
Q

Describe the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle(external pterygoid muscle)

A
  1. short, thick, almost conical muscle of mastication superior to the medial pterygoid
  2. Has two separate heads of origin: the superior and inferior heads.
  3. The entire muscle lies within the infratemporal fossa, deep to the temporalis muscle.
50
Q

Describe the main action of the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

A
  1. Unlike the other three muscles of mastication, the lateral pterygoid is the only muscle of mastication that assists in depressing the mandible, lowering the lower jaw.
  2. Depression of the mandible occurs during the opening of the jaws.
  3. Main action( when both muscles contract): brings the lower jaw forward, thus causing the protrusion of the mandible.
  4. If only one muscle is contracted, the lower jaw shifts to the contralateral side, causing lateral deviation of the mandible.
51
Q

The hyoid muscles attach to the ___________

A

Hyoid bone

52
Q

Describe hyoid muscles

A
  1. Grouped based on their vertical position in relationship to the hyoid bone - suprahyoid muscle; infrahyoid muscle.
  2. Assist in mastication and swallowing
  3. Most of these muscles are in a superficial position in the neck tissue.
  4. Both groups of the hyoid muscles are attached to the hyoid bone, except for the sternothyroid muscle.
53
Q

Describe the Suprahyoid Muscles

A
  1. The suprahyoid muscles are superior to the hyoid bone.
  2. Divided into anterior or posterior suprahyoid muscle groups.
54
Q

What muscles does the anterior suprahyoid muscle group include?

A
  1. anterior belly of the digastric
  2. mylohyoid
    geniohyoid
55
Q

What muscles does the posterior suprahyoid muscle group include?

A
  1. posterior belly of the digastric
  2. stylohyoid
56
Q

Describe the action of the suprahyoid muscles

A
  1. One action of both the anterior and posterior suprahyoid muscles is to cause the elevation of the hyoid bone and larynx if the mandible is stabilized by contraction of the muscles of mastication.
  2. This action occurs during swallowing
  3. The other action associated with mastication results from the contraction of only the anterior suprahyoid muscle, which causes the mandible to depress and the jaws to open
57
Q

Jaw opening involves the ________ muscles-which protrude the mandible and the __________-which lower the mandible.

A
  1. lateral pterygoid
  2. anterior suprahyoid muscles
58
Q

Describe the digastric muscle

A
  1. Two separate bellies: the anterior and posterior
  2. The anterior belly is a part of the anterior suprahyoid muscle group,
  3. The posterior belly is a part of the posterior suprahyoid muscle group
  4. Each digastric muscle demarcates the superior part of the anterior cervical triangle, forming (with the mandible) a submandibular triangle on each side of the neck; the right and left anterior bellies of the muscle also form a midline submental triangle.
  5. The muscle either elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible
59
Q

What are the origin and insertion points of the mylohyoid muscle?

A
  1. Origin - mylohyoid line on the medial surface of the mandible
  2. The right and left muscles then pass inferiorly to unite medially at the mylohyoid raphe, forming the floor of the mouth.
  3. The most posterior fibers of the muscle then insert on the body of the hyoid bone.
60
Q

Describe the action of the mylohyoid muscle

A

In addition to either elevating the hyoid bone or depressing the mandible, this muscle also forms the floor of the mouth and helps elevate/raise the tongue.

61
Q

Describe the Stylohyoid Muscle

A
  1. The stylohyoid muscle is a thin posterior suprahyoid muscle that has two slips: superficial and deep slips.
  2. Originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone
  3. Inserts on the body of the hyoid bone.
  4. Action:either elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible
62
Q

Describe the Geniohyoid Muscle

A
  1. The geniohyoid muscle is an anterior suprahyoid muscle.
  2. Originates from the medial surface of the mandible, near the mandibular symphysis at the genial tubercles, with both muscles in contact with each other
  3. Inserts on the body of the hyoid bone.
  4. Action: either elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible
63
Q

Describe the Infrahyoid Muscles

A
  1. Four pairs of hyoid muscles inferior to the hyoid bone - the omohyoid sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid muscles
  2. Most of the infrahyoid muscles depress the hyoid bone; some have additional specific actions.
64
Q

Describe the Omohyoid Muscle

A
  1. Infrahyoid muscle
  2. Superficial to the sternothyroid, the thyroid cartilage and thyroid gland.
  3. This muscle has two separate bellies: the superior and inferior bellies.
65
Q

Describe the Sternohyoid Muscle

A
  1. Origin: from the sternum, close to where the sternum joins each clavicle
  2. Insertion: on the hyoid bone.
66
Q

Describe the Sternothyroid Muscle

A
  1. The sternothyroid muscle is an infrahyoid muscle superficial to the thyroid gland.
  2. Origin: from the sternum at the level of the first rib
  3. Insertion :on the thyroid cartilage
  4. Action: The muscle depresses the thyroid cartilage and larynx, yet does not directly depress the hyoid bone.
  5. Both groups of the hyoid muscles are mainly attached to the hyoid bone, except for the sternothyroid muscle
67
Q

Describe the Thyrohyoid Muscle

A
  1. The thyrohyoid muscle is deep to both the omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles
  2. Origin: on the thyroid cartilage
  3. Insertion: on the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone; it appears as a continuation of the sternothyroid.
  4. Action:In addition to depressing the hyoid bone, it raises the thyroid cartilage and larynx.
68
Q

Describe the tongue

A
  1. The tongue is a thick vascular mass of voluntary muscle surrounded by a mucous membrane that is anchored to the floor of the mouth by the lingual frenum
  2. The tongue has complex movements during mastication, speaking, and swallowing; these movements are a result of the combined action of muscles of the tongue
  3. The tongue consists of symmetric halves divided by the median septum, which is a deep tendinous band located within the midline. The median septum corresponds with the median lingual sulcus, a midline depression on the tongue’s dorsal surface.
69
Q

Describe the muscles of the tongue

A
  1. Intrinsic muscles are located entirely inside the tongue
  2. Extrinsic muscles have their origin outside the tongue yet have their insertion inside the tongue.
  3. Intrinsic muscles: change the shape of the tongue
  4. Extrinsic muscles:move the tongue while suspending and anchoring the tongue to bony structures of the mandible, the styloid process, and the hyoid bone.
70
Q

What are the 4 pairs of intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  1. Superior longitudinal
  2. Transverse
  3. Vertical
  4. Inferior longitudinal
71
Q

Describe the superior longitudinal muscles of the tongue

A
  1. most superficial run in a longitudinal direction in the dorsal surface from base to apex
72
Q

Describe the transverse muscles of the tongue

A
  1. deep to superior longitudinal muscle run in a transverse direction from the median septum to pass outward toward the lateral surface
73
Q

Describe the vertical muscles of the tongue

A
  1. run in a vertical direction from the dorsal surface inward to the ventral surface in the body
74
Q

Describe the inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue

A
  1. in the ventral surface of the tongue runs in a longitudinal direction from the base to the apex
75
Q

Describe the actions of the Intrinsic Tongue Muscles

A
  1. The superior and inferior longitudinal muscles act together to change the shape of the tongue by shortening and thickening it and act singly to help it curl in various directions
  2. The transverse and vertical muscles act together to make the tongue long and narrow.
76
Q

What are the 3 pairs of extrinsic tongue muscles?

A
  1. Styloglossus
  2. Genioglossus
  3. Hyoglossus
77
Q

Describe the Styloglossus Muscle

A
  1. Origin: the styloid process of the temporal bone
  2. Insertion:on the tongue
  3. Action:retracts the tongue, moving it superiorly and posteriorly
78
Q

Describe the Genioglossus Muscle

A
  1. Fan-shaped extrinsic tongue muscle superior to the geniohyoid
  2. Origin: genial tubercles
  3. Inserts: on the hyoid bone, and the tongue from its base almost to the apex
79
Q

Describe the action of the Genioglossus Muscle

A
  1. Different parts of the muscle can protrude or “stick” the tongue out of the oral cavity or depress parts of the tongue surface. Say “Ahh”
  2. The protrusive activity of the muscle helps to prevent the tongue from sinking back and obstructing respiration
  3. Therefore, during general anesthesia, the mandible is sometimes pulled forward to achieve the same effect to ensure complete respiration.
80
Q

Describe the Hyoglossus Muscle

A
  1. The hyoglossus muscle is an extrinsic tongue muscle.
  2. Origin: greater cornu & body of the hyoid bone
  3. Insertion: into the lateral surface of the tongue
  4. Action: depresses the tongue
81
Q

Describe the muscles of the pharynx

A
  1. Involved in speaking, swallowing, and middle ear function.
  2. These muscles are responsible for initiating the swallowing process.
  3. The pharynx is part of both the respiratory and digestive tracts and is connected to both the nasal and oral cavities.
82
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
83
Q

What are the 3 groups of muscles of the pharynx?

A
  1. Stylopharyngeus
  2. Pharyngeal constrictor muscles
  3. Muscles of the soft palate
84
Q

Describe the Stylopharyngeus Muscle

A
  1. Paired longitudinal muscle of the pharynx
  2. Origin:from the styloid process
  3. Insertion: into the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls
  4. Action:The muscle elevates and simultaneously widens the pharynx
85
Q

Describe the Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles

A
  1. Form the lateral and posterior walls of the pharynx
  2. Three paired muscles - Superior, Middle, Inferior
86
Q

Describe the action of the Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles

A
  1. Raise the pharynx and larynx and help drive food inferiorly into the esophagus during swallowing
87
Q

Describe Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

A
  1. Abnormalities of the pharynx and/or oral cavity may lead to oropharyngeal dysphagia.
  2. The most common symptom of esophageal dysphagia is the inability to swallow solid food.
88
Q

What are the 5 paired muscled of the soft palate?

A
  1. Palatoglossus
  2. Palatopharyngeus
  3. Levator veli palatini
  4. Tensor veli palatini
  5. Muscle of the uvula.
89
Q

Describe the soft palate

A
  1. The soft palate forms the nonbony posterior part of the roof of the mouth (ororopharynx)
  2. Connects laterally with the tongue.
90
Q

Describe the action of the muscles of the soft palate

A
  1. The muscles of the soft palate are all involved in speaking and swallowing. When the muscles of the soft palate are relaxed, the soft palate extends posteriorly to define the anterior oropharynx.
  2. The combined actions of several muscles of the soft palate move the soft palate This movement brings a separation between the nasopharynx and oral cavity during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity while eating.
91
Q

Describe the Palatoglossus Muscle

A
  1. Forms :the anterior faucial pillar in the oral cavity(a vertical fold anterior to each palatine tonsil).
  2. Origin: posterior part of the median palatine raphe (midline tendinous band of the palate)
  3. Insertion: into the lateral surface of the tongue.
92
Q

The ________ is a surface feature demarcating the deeper median palatine suture between the palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones. It spans the palate from the incisive papilla to the uvula.

A

median palatine raphe

93
Q

Describe the action of the Palatoglossus Muscle

A
  1. Elevates/raises the base of the tongue, arching the tongue against the soft palate
  2. Depresses the soft palate toward the tongue.
  3. The muscles on both sides also form a sphincter, separating the oral cavity from the pharynx.
94
Q

Describe the Palatopharyngeus Muscle

A
  1. Forms the posterior faucial pillar in the oral cavity(a vertical fold posterior to each palatine tonsil)
  2. Origin: the soft palate
  3. Inserts :in the walls of the laryngopharynx and on the thyroid cartilage
  4. Action:The muscle moves the palate to help close off the nasopharynx during swallowing
95
Q

Describe the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle

A
  1. Located superior to the soft palate
  2. Origin:inferior surface of the temporal bone.
  3. Insertion: into the median palatine raphe
  4. Action:raises the soft palate and helps to close off the nasopharynx during speech and swallowing.
96
Q

Describe the muscle of the uvula

A
  1. Muscle of the soft palate
  2. The muscle lies entirely within the uvula of the palate (which is a midline tissue structure that hangs inferiorly from the posterior margin of the soft palate)
  3. Shortens and broadens the uvula, changing the contour of the posterior part of the soft palate.
    This change in contour allows the soft palate to help close off the nasopharynx during swallowing.

BIO 115 - Head & Neck Anatomy (6 decks)

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