LO 1 Flashcards
Describe midsagittal, and transverse planes
- Also called median - splits the head and neck into two equal portions
- Also called frontal - supposed to had a neck into anterior and posterior portions
- Also called axial - splits the head and neck into Superior and inferior portions
Define surface anatomy
The study of the structural relationships of the external features of the body to the internal organs and parts
What are the 12 regions of the head?
- Frontal region
- Parietal region
- Temporal region
- Zygomatic region
- Auricular region
- Occipital region
- Orbital region
- Infraorbital region
- Nasal region
- Oral region
- Buccal region
- Mental region
Describe what the frontal region includes
- Supraorbital ridge - just inferior to each eyebrow
- Glabella - smooth elevated area between the eyebrows
- Frontal eminence - the prominence of the forehead
Describe how to examine the frontal region
- Stand near the client, visually inspect and bilaterally palpate the frontal region
- Face and head should be symmetrical
- Skin should be continuous, firm, and pigmented in relation to normal variations
Describe the parietal and occipital regions
Covered by the scalp and defined by the deeper skull bones
Describe the temporal region
Within the temporal region is the temple, The superficial side of the head posterior to each eye which is defined by the deeper skull bone
Describe the auricular region
The articular region of each side of the head has the external ear as the prominent feature
What is the external ear composed of?
- An auricle (oval flap of the ear)
- The external acoustic meatus or EAM
The superior and posterior free margin of the auricle is the ________, which ends inferiorly at the ________, the fleshy protuberance of the earlobe
- Helix
- Lobule
The ______ is the smaller flap of tissue of the auricle anterior to the external acoustic meatus. The other flap of tissue opposite of this is the ________
- Tragus
- Antitragus
Between the tragus and antitregus is a deep notch called the ________
Intertragic notch
What is the function of the external ear?
Gathers sound energy and focuses it on the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
The eyeball and all of its structures are contained in this
The orbital region, specifically, the orbit (the bony socket)
The white area of the eye is called the _________, while the coloured part is called the _________
- Sclera
- Iris
Why does the pupil appear black?
Because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside of the eye
What is the size of the pupil controlled by?
- involuntary constriction and dilation of the iris (regulates the intensity of light entering the eye)
- Known as the pupillary reflex
Describe the use of eyelids
- When an eye becomes dry, blinking can help spread moisture across the surface and ease discomfort
- Tears are lacrimal fluid (fluid secreted from lacrimal gland) which moisturizes
- Blinking also serves the purpose f helping to remove irritants
- Eyelids have a reflex to close the eyes when a threat comes too close - involuntary and often strong enough to overcome voluntary resistance
The __________ is the delicate, thin membrane lining inside of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball
conjunctiva
What are the inner and outer corners of the eyes where the eyelids meet called?
- Inner - medial canthus/inner canthus
- Outer - lateral canthus/outer canthus
Describe the main features of the nasal region
- External nose
- Nasion - Just inferior to the glabella
- Root - medial to the eyes
- Bridge - bony ridge
- Apex - tip
- Naris (nares is plural) - nostril (the negative space)
- Ala (alae is plural) - Boundary of the nares, separated by the midline (where your nose is pierced)
- Nasolabial sulcus - Grooves running between the labial commissures and the alae (old people lines)
Describe how to examine the nasal region
- Inspect and palpate by starting at the root of the nose and proceeding to the apex
- The nose should be symmetrical and show no sign of discharge, redness, or ulceration of the surrounding skin
Where is the infraorbital region located?
Inferior to the orbital region and lateral to the nasal region
Describe the zygomatic region
- Overlies the bony support for the cheek (i.e. zygomatic arch)
- The zygomatic arch extends from just below the lateral margin of the eye toward the middle part of the ear
Inferiod to the zygomatic arch and just anterior to the external ear is the _________ (describe this structure)
- Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- Where the upper skill forms a joint with the lower jaw
- TMJ movements occur when a person opens and closes the mouth or moves the jaw to the left or right
- One way to feel the jaw moving at the TMJ is to place a finger into the external ear canal (outer portion of the external acoustic meatus)
Describe the buccal region
- Composed of the soft tissues of the cheek
- One of the muscles forming the cheek is the strong masseter muscle
- The sharp angle of the lower jaw inferior to the earlobe is termed the angle of the mandible
Describe the divisions of the face
- Face can be divided in thirds - this perspective called the vertical dimension of the face
- Allows for comparison of the three parts of the face for functional and aesthetic purposes (golden proportions are the guideline)
- Loss of height in the lower third which contains the teeth and jaws can occur in certain circumstances such as aging or periodontal disease
What are the six structures of the oral region?
- lips
- Oral cavity
- Palate
- Tongue
- Floor of the mouth
- Parts of the throat (pharynx)
The area where the membrane of the skin and the membrane of the lips meet is called the ________
Mucocutaneous junction
The lower lip extends to the horizontally placed ________, which separates the lower lip from the chin in the mental region
Labiomental groove
Describe how to examine the lips
- The lips are bilaterally palpated, as well as visually inspected systematically, from one labial commissure to the other
- Lips should be continuous in colour, firm in texture, free of lesions, semi-moist, with an apparent border between the lips and the skin of the face
- Commissures should be continuous and intact
- Clients should be able to make lips meet (ask the client to close then smile)
- A functioning facial nerve can be evaluated with a symmetrical smile
Describe angular cheilitis
- Also called cheilosis or angular stomatitis
- An inflammatory lesion at the labial commissure and often occurs bilaterally
Describe the loss of vermilion border
With certain histories, there can be a loss of vermilion border of the lips such as with solar damage
What does the buccal mucosa cover?
- A dense pad of fat called buccal fat pad
- This fat pad acts as a protective cushion during mastication
Where is the parotid papilla (protective covering of stenson’s duct) located?
Inner part of buccal mucosa, just opposite of maxillary second molar
Describe the linea alba
- Located on buccal mucosa
- Runs parallel to the occlusal plane
- Elevated, linear ridge of tissue (often hyperkaratinized)
- White in colour
- Caused by chronic friction
- Common/ a variation of normal
Where are Fordyce Granules typically found?
Mucosa of lips, cheeks, retromolar pad (60-80% of population have Fordyce granules -more commonly seen with age)
Describe exostoses
- Bony overgrowths found on buccal cortical plate of maxilla and mandible
- No cause for concern except in denture construction
- Recur if removed
What is the socket that contains the teeth called?
Alveolus (plural is alveoli)
What is another term for the median palatine suture?
Median palatine raphe
What is the pterygomandibular fold?
A fold of tissue that extends from the junction of the hard and soft palates on each side down to the mandible, just posterior to the most distal mandibular molar, and stretches when the mouth opens wide
What are the three surfaces of the tongue from posterior to anterior?
Base, body, apex
What region(s) does the tongue occupy?
A major part of the oral cavity and part of the oropharynx
What are the main functions of the tongue?
- Pushing food into the oropharynx during swallowing
- Forming words during speech
- Mastication
- Taste
- Oral cleansing
Describe the base of the tongue
- The posterior third is the base of the tongue or the pharangeal part attaches to the floor of the mouth
- The base of the tongue does not lie within the oral cavity, but the oral part of the throat or pharynx
- Contains the lingual tonsils (irregular mass of lymphoid tissue)
- Also contains the epiglottis
What separates the body from the base of the tongue?
V-shaped sulcus (or groove) called the sulcus terminalis
Certain surfaces of the tongue have elevated, small structures of specialized mucosa called _________, some of which are associated with taste
Lingual papillae
The lateral surface of the tongue is known for its vertical ridges, the __________, which contain taste buds
Foliate lingual papillae
Describe the appearance of foliate lingual papillae
- Leaf shaped and vertical
- More prominent in children
The dorsal surface of the tongue has a midline depression called the ___________
Median lingual sulcus
Describe filiform lingual papillae
Slender, thread-like lingual papillae that give the dorsal surface of the tongue its velvety texture
Describe fungiform lingual papillae
The red mushroom-shaped dots found in lesser numbers than are the filiform on the body of the dorsal surface of the tongue (contains taste buds)
Describe circumvallate lingual papillae
10-14 in number, lined up along the anterior side of the sulcus terminalis on the body - large, mushroom-shaped lingual papillae that have taste buds at their bases
Where the sulcus terminalis points backward toward the throat, there is a small, pit-like depression called the _________
Foramen cecum
The ventral side of the tongue is known for its _________, with the ________ running close to the surface
- Visibly large blood vessels
- Lingual veins
Lateral to the deep lingual veins on each side is the _________
Plica fimbriata (plural = plicae fimbriatae) - a fold with fringe-like projections
Describe aging of the oral mucosa
Enlargement of the lingual veins to form the lingual varicosities on the ventral surface of the tongue (basically varicose veins on underside of tongue)
Describe the structures of the floor of the mouth
- Lingual frenum is a midline fold of tissue between the ventral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth
- Sublingual fold (plica sublingualis) is a ridge of tissue that exists on each side of the floor of the mouth
- The sublingual caruncle are small papilla at the anterior end of each sublingual fold, containing duct openings from the submandibular (wharton’s) and sublingual (bartholin’s) salivary glands
Describe examination of the floor of the mouth
- The region should exhibit bilateral symmetry, extremely vascular, reddish-pink in colour and moist.
- Sublingual caruncle should be visible and same color and firmness as surrounding mucosa and able to produce saliva.
List the possible atypical and abnormal findings of the floor of the mouth
- Atypical - tight lingual frenum, mandibular torus or tori
- Abnormal - blocked duct due to sialolithiasis or ranula, excessive salivary flow, hyposalivation with xerostomia, tenderness, ankyoglossia (tongue tie), any enlargement or induration, pigmentation (red/white), ulcerated lesions that may indicate oral cancer, trauma from child abuse
Describe the pharynx
- A muscular tube that serves both the respiratory and digestive systems
- Consists of 3 parts - nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Describe the laryngopharynx
- Located most inferior, close to the laryngeal opening
- Not visible in an intraoral examination
Describe the nasopharynx
Continuous with the nasal cavity
Describe the oropharynx
- Between the soft palate and the opening of the larynx
- Opening is the fauces
Describe the epiglottis
- A flap of cartilage behind the base of the tongue and in from of the oropharynx
- At rest, the epiglottis is upright ad allows air to pass through the larynx and into the rest of the respiratory system
- During swallowing, it folds back to the cover the entrance to the larynx, preventing food and liquid from entering the deeper still trachea and then entering the lungs
Describe the fauces (faucial isthmis)
- Opening from the oral region into the oropharynx
- Formed laterally on each side by folds of tissue - Anterior faucial pillar, posterior faucial pillar (also called tonsillar pillars or palatal arches).
- Palatine tonsils are located between these pillars
Describe pharyngitis
- Also called dore throat
- Caused by viral infection or bacterial infection
- In children, common cause of bacterial pharyngitis is beta hemolytic Streptococcus.
- If infection is severe, auditory tubes can become blocked, predisposing to otitis media
- Patient may complain of pain on swallowing and pain referred to the ear.
- On examination, the pharynx may be reddened and cervical lymph nodes may be enlarged and tender (lymphadenopathy).
Describe the mental region
- Chin is the main feature
- Mental protuberance - the prominence of the chin (most pronounced in adult males)
- Labiomental groove - groove between lower lip and chin
Describe the regions of the neck
- The large strap muscle, the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle: divides each side of the neck diagonally into an anterior cervical triangle and posterior cervical triangle.
- There are two anterior cervical triangles and one posterior cervical triangle on each side
Describe the larynx
- The voice box
- The vocal chords are ligaments of the larynx
- Are attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage
