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DH 120 - Radiography > LO 5 > Flashcards

LO 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is film processing?

A
  1. Steps that produce a visible image on a dental radiograph
  2. Converts latent image to visible image
  3. Preserves the image so it is permanent
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2
Q

______ absorb x-radiation during x-ray exposure

A

Silver halide crystals

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3
Q

______ is the pattern of stored energy on exposed film

A

Latent image

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4
Q

What is the process from latent to visible image?

A
  1. Film is placed in developer solution - silver halide crystals that were exposed to x-rays turn into black metallic silver
  2. Black metallic silver creates dark areas on radiogrpah - radiolucency
  3. Unexposed silver halide crystals unaffected by developer
  4. Fixer solution removes unexposed silver halide crystals to create white (radiopaque) areas
  5. Fixer solution also fixes image to film plate
  6. Film plate then washed in water to remove any traces of chemicals
  7. Fully dried before touching
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5
Q

Describe the visible image of the dental radiograph

A
  1. Made of black, white, and grey areas - shows contrast of various densities
  2. Radiolucent areas - appear black, readily permitted passage of x-ray beam
  3. Radiopaque - appears white, resisted passage of x-ray beam
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6
Q

Development ______ the film emulsion while fixation _______ the film emulsion

A
  1. Softens
  2. Hardens
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7
Q

When working with an automatic film processor, what is important to keep in mind?

A
  1. Solutions should be replenished daily
  2. Solutions fully changed every 3-4 weeks (every 2 weeks in a really busy office)
  3. Normal use defines as 30 intraoral films per day
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8
Q

Describe the darkroom

A
  1. A completely darkened environment within which x-ray film can be handled and processed to produce diagnostic radiographs
  2. Must be properly designed and equipped - no white light can enter
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9
Q

Describe the lighting situation in the darkroom

A
  1. Needs to be light tight
  2. Can be no light leaks
  3. Needs room lighting for procedures not associated with processing film
  4. Safe lighting - long wavelengths of res-orange portion of the visible spectrum
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10
Q

Describe safelighting

A
  1. Lamp with low wattage bulb (7.5 or 15 watts)
  2. Light equipped with safelight filter - removes short wavelengths in the blue/green portion of spectrum
  3. Safelight at least 4 feet from working area
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11
Q

Describe an automatic processor

A
  1. Automated all film processing steps - may be limited to certain sizes of film and may require a dark room
  2. Daylight loader - may be used in a room with white light
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12
Q

How do you properly use processing solutions?

A
  1. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for storage, mixing, and use
  2. Know that solutions deteriorate with - exposure to air, continued use, chemical contamination
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13
Q

What should you keep in mind about developer solution?

A
  1. It is depleted from evaporation and removal of small amounts
  2. Exhausted developer does not fully develop the latent image and produces non-diagnostic radiographs with reduced density and contrast
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14
Q

What should you keep in mind about fixer solution?

A
  1. Depleted from evaporation and removal of small amounts
  2. Exhausted fixer doesn’t stop chemical reaction enough to maintain film clarity
  3. Films turn a yellow-brown, transmit less light, and lose diagnostic quality
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15
Q

Why is automatic film processing typically preferred over manual processing?

A
  1. Less time required
  2. Time/temp automatically controlled
  3. Less equipment
  4. Less space needed
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16
Q

Describe the component parts of the automatic processor

A
  1. Uses a roller transport system to move x-ray film through various stages
  2. Processor housing
  3. Film feed slot
  4. Roller film transporter
  5. Developer compartment
  6. Fixer compartment
  7. Water compartment
  8. Drying chamber
  9. Replenisher pump
  10. Film recovery slot
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17
Q

What are the steps of automatic processing?

A
  1. Prepare darkroom or daylight loader
  2. Prepare films
  3. Insert each unwrapped film into the film feed slot
  4. Retrieve processed radiographs
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18
Q

What is the routine care and maintainance of the automatic processor?

A
  1. Need cleaning and replenishment schedule (may require daily or weekly cleaning)
  2. Use “cleaning film” in the system to clean the rollers (panorex film)
  3. Check levels of processing solutions daily and replenish as needed
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19
Q

A film with damaged emission is called _______

A

Reticulation

20
Q

Underdeveloped film appears ______

A

Light

21
Q

Developer spots appear _______

A

Dark or black - use clean work area in dark room

22
Q

Fixer spots appear _______

A

Light or white - use clean area in darkroom

23
Q

A film with damaged emulsion appears ________

A

Cracked - check temps of processing solutions and water bath, avoid drastic temp differences

24
Q

An error where you can see one film on top of another

A

Overlapped film - ensure separation so no contact during processing

25
Q

A fingernail artifact appears as a ______

A

Black, crescent shaped mark - hold film at edges gently

26
Q

Static electricity appears as ________

A

Lack branching lines - touch conductive object before unwrapping films

27
Q

The exposed area of a light leak appears _______

A

Black - examine film packets for defects before using & never unwrap a film in white light

28
Q

What are quality control tests?

A

Specific tests used to maintain and monitor: dental x-ray equipment, supplies, film processing

29
Q

What x-ray equipment and supplies need to be inspected for quality?

A
  1. X-ray machines - periodic inspections are important
  2. Dental x-ray film - screens and cassettes
  3. Viewbox - the light source used to view x-rays
30
Q

Describe the fresh film test

A
  1. Prepare a film
  2. Unwrap one unenexposed film from newly opened box - clear with slight blue tint
  3. Process film using fresh chemicals
31
Q

Describe fogged film

A

Processed film is fogged and may be expired, improperly stored, or exposed to radiation

32
Q

Describe quality control for screens and cassettes

A
  1. Screens - extraoral intensifying screens should be examined for dirt and scratches, should be cleaned monthly
  2. Cassettes - examine for worn closures, light leaks, and warping
33
Q

Darkroom lighting should be checked every _____

A

6 months - ensure no light leaks, correct with weather stripping if needed

34
Q

Describe the coin test

A
  1. Prepare darkroom
  2. Prepare a film
  3. Place coin on unwrapped, unexposed film
  4. Turn on safelight for 3-4 mins
  5. Remove coin and process film
  6. Should be no visible image on processed radiograph
  7. Safelighting is bad is image of coin with fogged background
35
Q

Describe automatic processor test films

A
  1. Prepare films by unwrapping 2 unexposed films - expose 1
  2. Process both films in automatic processor
  3. Functioning processor if unexposed film comes out clear/dry and exposed film is black/dry
  4. Non-functional if unexposed film is not clear/dry etc.
36
Q

What are the 3 methods of test developer strength?

A
  1. Reference radiograph - one processed under ideal conditions (fresh chemicals and correct settings/temp)
  2. Stepwedge radiograph - device of layered aluminum steps that produce varying densities (make. Daily stepwedge radiograph and compare to a control)
  3. Normalizing device - commercially available device to test strength
37
Q

If a reference radiograph does not match densities with daily radiographs, what is happening?

A
  1. Daily radiogrpahs are lighter than reference - developer solution is weak or old
  2. Daily radiogrpahs darker than reference - solution is either too concentrated or too warm
38
Q

If the density on a daily stepwedge radiograph by more than _____ from the standard, the developer solution is depleted

A

2 steps

39
Q

How can you tell us the fixer strength is correct?

A
  1. Fast clearing - film clears in 2 mins fixer is adequate
  2. Slow clearing - if film does not clear in 3-4 mins the solution is depleted
40
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for intraoral radiographs?

A
  1. Must show images with optimum density, contrast, definition, and detail
  2. Must show images with the least amount of distortion possible
  3. The cmrs (complete mouth radiographic series) must include radiographs that show all tooth-bearing areas
  4. Periapical radiographs must show the entire crowns and roots of teeth being examined, as well as two to three mm beyond the route apices
  5. Bitewing radiographs must show open contacts
41
Q

When should radiographs be prescribed?

A
  1. Based on the individual needs of the patient
  2. A complete mouth radiographic series (CMRS) is appropriate when a new adult patient presents with clinical evidence of generalized dental disease or a history of extensive dental treatment
42
Q

Infection control methods prevent the transmission of infectious diseases from:

A
  1. Patient to operator
  2. Operator to patient
  3. Patient to patient
43
Q

What are the conditions necessary for the transmission of infectious disease?

A
  1. Susceptible host
  2. Pathogen with sufficient infectivity and numbers to cause infection
  3. Portal through which the pathogen may enter the host
44
Q

Describe hand hygiene and hand care

A
  1. Hand hygiene - routine hand wash, antiseptic hand wash, antiseptic hand rub
  2. Hand care - hand lotion, nail/ cuticle maintenance
45
Q

What are the infection control procedures used before exposure?

A
  1. Preparation of the treatment area - x-ray machine, dental chair, work area, lead apron
  2. Preparation of supplies and equipment - film, film-holding devices
  3. Preparation of the patient - chair adjustment, headrest adjustment, lead apron
  4. Preparation of the dental radiographer - hand hygiene, gloves, mask and eyewear, film holding devices
46
Q

What are the infection control procedures used after exposure?

A
  1. Disposal of contaminated items
  2. Film holding devices
  3. Hand hygiene
  4. Lead apron removal*****
  5. Surface disinfection
47
Q

What are the infection control procedures used for processing?

A
  1. Film transport
  2. Dark room supplies
  3. Film handling with barrier envelopes
  4. Film handling without barrier envelopes
  5. Disinfection of dark room and daylight loader procedures

DH 120 - Radiography (9 decks)

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