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DH 120 - Radiography > LO 3 > Flashcards

LO 3 Flashcards

1
Q

X-radiation causes ______ in living cells

A

Biologic changes ; it adversely affects all living tissue

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2
Q

Our goal as dental radiogrpahers is to minimize _______ and maximize _______

A
  1. The amount of radiation recieved by the patient
  2. Maximize the benefits
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3
Q

The amount of x-radiation recieved by patients can minimized by _______

A

Using proper patient protection techniques

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4
Q

What should be considered when prescribing dental radiographs in an effort to minimize exposure?

A
  1. The number, type, and frequency
  2. Individual assessment of patient to determine what is necessary
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5
Q

What constitutes proper x-ray equipment (not safety equipment)?

A
  1. Complies with provincial and federal guidelines and includes:
  2. Filtration (inherent, added, total)
  3. Collimation
  4. PID
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6
Q

Describe inherent filtration

A

Takes place when the primary beam passes through the glass window, x-ray tube, insulating oil, and tube head seal. It is equivalent to 0.5 to 1.0 mm of aluminum - more filtration is needed

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7
Q

Filtration is necessary to _________

A

Absorb the low-energy x-ray photons before they hit their target

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8
Q

Describe added filtration

A

An aluminum disk is placed between collimator and tube head seal - results in higher energy more penetrating, more useful beam

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9
Q

Total filtration is _______

A

The sum of inherent and added filtration

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10
Q

Machines operating at or below 70 kVp require a minimum total of _____ aluminum filtration, while those operating above 70 kVp require a minimum total of _____ aluminum filtration

A

1.5; 2.5

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11
Q

A round collimator produces a _____ shaped beam of 2.75 inches in diameter

A

Cone

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12
Q

A rectangular collimator produces a rectangular beam slightly larger than a ______ film

A

2

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13
Q

________ is an extension of the x-ray tubehead used to direct the x-ray beam

A

Position-indicating device

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14
Q

Position-indicating devices can be conical, rectangular, or round, but the ______ shaps is no longer used due to excess scatter radiation

A

Conical

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15
Q

Rectangular and round PIDs come in 8 or 16 inch lengths; they are open and _______ lined

A

Lead

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16
Q

The _______ PID produces the least divergence of the x-ray beam

A

Long

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17
Q

What should be done to the PID and tubehead for infection control purposes?

A

Cover with plastic barriers and change for each patient

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18
Q

What 6 factors impact patient exposure?

A
  1. Thyroid collar
  2. Lead apron
  3. Image receptors
  4. Beam alignment devices
  5. Exposure factor selection
  6. Proper technique
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19
Q

Thyroid collars are recommended for all ________ exposures, but not ________ exposures

A

Intraoral; extraoral

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20
Q

Thyroid collars are placed around the patient’s ________ and protect the thyroid from ________

A

Neck; scatter radiation

21
Q

Thyroid collars are placed around the patient’s ________ and protect the thyroid from ________

A

Neck; scatter radiation

22
Q

Lead aprons are placed over the patient’s chest to protect ________ and ______ from scatter radiation

A

Reproductive organs; blood-forming tissue

23
Q

Why should lead aprons and thyroid collars not be folded?

A

Creases may crack the lead, resulting in holes that can allow radiation

24
Q

When placing the lead apron, the clinician should take care not to ______ in order to avoid cross contamination

A

Touch the apron with the same gloves used to place the film in the patient’s mouth

25
Q

What 4 things should patients remove before a radiograph to avoid distorting the image?

A
  1. Oral piercings
  2. Eyeglasses
  3. Earrings
  4. Removable dental prosthesis
26
Q

______ image receptors require less radiation exposure

A

Digital

27
Q

_____ and _______ are now the two film speeds on the market and _____ is the faster of the 2

A
  1. D-speed
  2. F-speed
  3. F-speed
28
Q

______ stabilizes the receptor in the mouth and reduces the chance for movement

A

Beam alignment device

29
Q

What 3 settings on the control panel can limit the amount of x-radiation exposure recieved by the patient?

A
  1. kVp
  2. mA
  3. Time
30
Q

On most x-ray units, _____ and ______ are preset by the manufacturer and cannot be adjusted

A
  1. kVp
  2. mA
31
Q

How does proper technique impact patient exposure?

A

Non-diagnostic images must be retaken - unnecessary exposure

Also wastes time

32
Q

How does handling of the receptor impact the image?

A

Artifacts on the film caused by poor handling can ruin it- can lead to retakes

33
Q

The dental radiogrpaher must avoid the primary beam, which has resulted in these 3 recommendations

A
  1. Distance (6 feet from the tubehead)
  2. Position (90-135 degrees from primary beam)
  3. Shielding (mostly down to office design -lead-lined walls)
34
Q

Dental x-ray machines must be monitored for _________

A

Leakage radiation

35
Q

_________ is when a radiation monitoring badge is worn at waist level when taking radiographs

A

Personal monitoring

36
Q

How are dosimeters read?

A

Mailed along with control badge to monitoring company one a month for evaluation

37
Q

What bill protects dental radiogrpahers?

A

The Healing Arts Radiation Protection (HARP) Act

38
Q

________ is the maximum dose of radiation that a body is permitted to receive in a specific period which is ____ for occupationally exposed and _____ for everyone else

A
  1. Maximum permissible dose
  2. 50 mSv/year (0.5 mSv per month if pregnant)
  3. 1 mSv/year
39
Q

Dental personnel should strive for an occupational dose of ____ per year

A

0

40
Q

_______ is the dose of radiation accumulated over a lifetime

A

Cumulative occupational dose (should not exceed workers age x 10mSv)

41
Q

What is the ALARA concept?

A

As low as reasonably achieveable

42
Q

How do you abide by ALARA?

A
  1. Only take radiographs for diagnostic purposes
  2. Use lowest possible kVp, mA, exposure time
  3. Use fastest speed
  4. Use longer PID with rectangular shape
  5. Aluminium filters and lead collimator
  6. Lead apron/thyroid collar
  7. film-holding device
  8. Avoid retakes
  9. Test equipment
43
Q

The patient should be _______ before getting x-rays because _________ is important to obtain before exposure

A
  1. Educated
  2. Informed consent
44
Q

Why are dental radiographs important?

A

Allows us to see what we can not see clinically - diagnosis

45
Q

What could potentially be found on a dental radiograph?

A
  1. Missing teeth
  2. Extra teeth
  3. Impacted teeth
  4. Dental caries
  5. Periodontal disease
  6. Tooth abnormalities
  7. Retained roots
  8. Cysts and tumors
46
Q

A dental radiographer is any person who _______

A

Positions, exposes, and processes dental X-ray film

47
Q

What skills are required to be a dental radiographer?

A
  1. Basic understanding of radiation history
  2. Working knowledge of radiation physics, characteristics, biology, and protection
  3. Familiarity with dental x-ray equipment, film, image characteristics, processing, and quality assurance
  4. Patient management basics
  5. Technique concepts and technical skills
48
Q

What 7 duties and responsibilities may have to be performed as a dental radiographer?

A
  1. Positioning and exposure of dental x-ray films
  2. Processing of dental x-ray films
  3. Mounting identification
  4. Patient education
  5. Maintenance of darkroom facilities and processing equipment
  6. Implementation and monitoring of quality control procedures
  7. Ordering of film and supplies
49
Q

What are the 6 goals of a dental radiographer?

A
  1. Patient protection
  2. Operator protection
  3. Patient education
  4. Operator competence
  5. Operator efficiency
  6. Production of quality radiographs

DH 120 - Radiography (9 decks)

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