LO 10/11

Question 1

Describe interpersonal and facilitation skills and provide some examples

Answer 1

1. Interpersonal skills that are used to ease communication and develop a trusting relationship between the dental professional and the patient
2. Encouraging questions
3. Answering questions
4. Responding with action
5. Expressing warmth

Question 2

The patience first impression of the dental team most often involves the _______

Answer 2

Dental auxiliary (hygienist or assistant)

Need to be well groomed, have good personal hygiene, properly greet the patient

Question 3

Describe the importance of patient education

Answer 3

1. Enhances patient understanding
2. Decreases fear of X-ray exposure
3. Increases cooperation
4. Increases motivation for regular dental visits
5. Education can come in the form of oral presentation, printed literature, a combination of both

Question 4

What are some common patient questions before taking X-rays and how should you answer them?

Answer 4

1. Are dental x-ray images really necessary? Yes
2. How often do I need dental x-ray images? It depends on the reason but A good rule of thumb is every two years for intraoral or every 5 years for panoramic
3. Can I refuse x-ray images and be treated without them? Some dentists will agree to this others will not
4. Instead of taking x-ray images, can you use the dental images from my previous dentist? Yes, as long as they are in within the time frame
5. How do you limit my exposure to x-rays? Minimizing exposure factors, let apron, lead collimator, ect.
6. Should I avoid x-ray exposure during pregnancy? It is better not to take them if not absolutely necessary, but is okay to take them if needed
7. Why do you have to leave the room when x-rays are used? Because hygienists take many x-rays a day and cannot have that much exposure safely
8. Are dental X-rays safe? Yes
9. Will dental X-rays cause cancer? Well they can, it is extremely unlikely
10. What are the advantages of digital imaging? Less exposure is required and the images are processed quicker
11. Are there risks associated with digital imaging? There are some - Jenn look this up
12. Can panoramic X-Ray image be exposed instead of a complete series? Jenn look this up
13. Who owns my dental images? The dentist, but copies can be given to the patient upon request

Question 5

Dental auxiliaries that perform radiographs must be _______ certified and be aware of and comply with the regulations that govern the use of ionizing radiation and dentistry

Answer 5

HARP

Question 6

Describe informed consent

Answer 6

1. Persons seeking Healthcare services have the legal right to make choices about the care they receive, including the opportunity to consent or to refuse treatment
2. Need to minimize legal issues that come up from misinformation and negligence

Question 7

Before taking a radiograph, what information should be presented to the patient?

Answer 7

1. Purpose and potential benefits of the images
2. Person responsible for exposing the images
3. The number and type of images
4. Possible harm that may result if the images are not exposed
5. Risks associated with x-ray exposure
6. Alternative diagnostic AIDs that may serve the same purpose as the images
7. Confidentiality
8. Allow time to ask questions

Question 8

Who is liable for information provided to patients?

Answer 8

1. The dentists are legally accountable to supervise the performance of dental auxiliaries
2. Both the dentist and until auxiliaries may be sued for the actions of the dental auxiliary

Question 9

Describe malpractice

Answer 9

1. Results when the dental practitioner is negligent in delivery of dental care

Question 10

Describe negligence

Answer 10

1. When the diagnosis made or the dental treatment delivered falls below the standard of care

Question 11

What do you need to know about ownership and retention of dental images?

Answer 11

1. Legally, dental images are the property of the dentist
2. Patience to go through the rate of reasonable access to their records
3. Dental records and dental images should be retained indefinitely

Question 12

What happens if a client refuses to have dental images taken?

Answer 12

1. The situation must be carefully considered by the dentist
2. The dentist must decide whether an accurate diagnosis can be made and whether treatment can be provided

Question 13

Describe localization techniques

Answer 13

1. A method used to locate the position of a tooth or object in the Jaws
2. A radiograph depicts an object in the superior-inferior and anterior-posterior relationships - it does not depict the buccal-lingual relationship (depth of an object)
3. Remember dental radiograph is a two-dimensional picture of a three-dimensional object
4. Types of localization techniques- buccal object rule, right angle technique

Question 14

What objects can localization techniques help dental professionals find?

Answer 14

1. Foreign bodies
2. Impacted teeth, unirrupted teeth, retained roots, root position
3. Salivary stones
4. Jaw fractures
5. Broken needles or instruments
6. Filling materials

Question 15

Describe the “SLOB” rule, also known as the buccal object rule

Answer 15

1. Same-Lingual, Opposite-Buccal
2. An x-ray is taken at a right angle, an object that is lingual or buckle in the same area would be superimposed on each other
3. So if you move the PID distally, if the object also moves distally in relation to the erupted teeth it is on the lingual side
4. If you move the PID distally but the object moves measly in relation to the erupted teeth the object is buccal

Question 16

Describe the right angle technique

Answer 16

1. Basically take an occlusal angle radiograph so you can see which side of the teeth the object is on

Question 17

Describe the reaction of patients with a strong gag reflex

Answer 17

1. Gagging is the strong and voluntary effort to vomit
2. Begins with rushing that is elicited by stimulation of the sensitive tissues of the soft palate region
3. Areas that are most likely to elicit the gag reflex are the soft palate and lateral posterior third of the tongue

Question 18

What are the two precipitating factors for the initiation of gag reflex?

Answer 18

1. Psychogenic stimuli (originating in the mind) - patient may believe they will gag or clinician suggests they may gag
2. Tactile stimuli (originating from touch) - sensor or PSP touches soft palate or back of the tongue

Question 19

In order for the gagging to occur, _______ must stop

Answer 19

Respiration

Question 20

How can the clinician prepare the patient and equipment to reduce the likelihood of gagging?

Answer 20

1. Limit the amount of time that the receptor remains in the mouth - complete all preparations before receptor placement, saving valuable time and reducing likelihood of stimulating gag reflex
2. Avoid the palate - do not slide the receptor along the pallet; firmly bring the receptor into contact with palatal tissue using one decisive motion
3. Demonstrate receptor placement - rub a finger along the tissues near the intended area of receptor placement; tell the patient this is where the receptor will be positioned

Question 21

The _____ receptor is the most likely to elicit a gag reflex

Answer 21

Maxillary molar

Question 22

What can the dental radiographer do an extreme cases of gag reflex?

Answer 22

1. Try topical anesthetics, salt on the tongue, distraction techniques
2. If all else fails, the radiographer must use extra oral images such as panoramic or lateral jaw images to obtain diagnostic information

Question 23

What are the six helpful hints of reducing gagging during radiography

Answer 23

1. Never suggest gagging
2. Do reassure the patient
3. Do suggest breathing (flare nostrils)
4. Do you try to distract the patient
5. Do you try to reduce tactile stimuli
6. Do you use a topical anesthetic

Question 24

Describe disability and briefly describe how to interact with patients with various disabilities

Answer 24

1. Disability - a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of an individual’s major life activities
2. Vision impairment - you must communicate using clear of verbal explanations
3. Hearing impairment - ask the patient how he or she prefers to communicate, can ask caregiver to serve as interpreter
4. Mobility impairment Dash ask whether a patient needs assistance, do not assume
5. For all impairments talk to the patient not the caregiver

Question 25

What are the five helpful hints for interacting with patients who have disabilities?

Answer 25

1. Do practice the Golden rule
2. Do not ask personal questions about the disability
3. Do you think before you speak
4. Do offer assistance
5. Do you talk directly to the person with a disability

Question 26

What should the dental radiographer be aware of when dealing with pediatric patients?

Answer 26

1. Tooth eruption sequences
2. Prescribing of dental images
3. Recommended techniques
4. Types of examinations
5. Digital sensor issues (can be really big)
6. Patient and equipment preparations
7. Patient management

Question 27

Describe prescribing dental images to pediatric patients

Answer 27

1. Depends not only on the individual needs of the child but also on the age of the child and his or her ability to cooperate with the procedures
2. An imaging examination that includes all of the toothparing areas is recommended at the early mixed dentition stage, after the first permanent tooth has erupted

Question 28

What are the three helpful hints for dealing with pediatric patients?

Answer 28

1. Pediatric patients may not or may not be able to tolerate the use of a wired digital sensor
2. Using the correct size of digital sensor is critical
3. Wireless sensors are preferred over wired sensors in pediatric dentistry

Question 29

Why might endentulous patients require radiographic images?

Answer 29

1. To detect the presence of root tips, impacted teeth, and lesions
2. To identify objects embedded in bone
3. To establish the position of normal anatomic landmarks relative to the crust of the alveolar ridge
4. To observe the quantity and quality of bone that is present

Question 30

What examinations are common for edentulous patients?

Answer 30

1. Panoramic examination - the most common way of evaluating edentialist jaw
2. . Apical examination - used if a panoramic machine is not available maybe used as a follow-up to the panoramic examination
3. Occlusal and periapical examination

Question 31

What should the radiographer be aware of if taking a bisecting image on an edentulous patient?

Answer 31

1. The angle of the alveolar ridge and the imaginary bisector between the PID and the film placement