LO 4 Part 2 Flashcards
Describe herpes virus type 1 (simplex)
- Infection of mouth, skin, eyes, genitals
- Vesicles at any site of the body may contain the virus and can be spread by direct contact
- Do not treat a client with active herpes lesion
- May also be present in saliva
- Viral breakout in skin of extremities called herpetic whitlow
Describe human herpes virus type 2
- Is 90% of genitals herpes infections
- Treatment with acylclovir will reduce severity and duration, but will not prevent recurrence
What are the most common types of herpes?
Type one and two - about 90% of adults have been infected with human herpes virus type 1
Describe oral candidiasis
- Candida albicans is yeast that occurs in the mouth asymptomatically in 1/3 of adults
- The yeast is an opportunistic pathogen that usually causes a harmful infection only under special circumstances
- Whitish lesions (thrush), reddish areas (stomatitis)
- Treatment with antifungal agents: Nystatin, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole
Describe oral syphilis
- Treponema pallidum - spirochete, cause of syphilis
- 5 to 10% of cases first occur in mouth in form of canker (open ulcer on the tongue)
Describe oral gonorrhea
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Graham negative bacteria, cause of gonorrhea
- Spreads to mouth from sex practices with an infected person
_______ and _______ are oral diseases that have some potential for spread to the dental team
- Oral syphilis
- Gonorrhea
Describe herpangia and hand foot and mouth disease
- Herpangia when only present in the mouth - hand foot and mouth when also on palms and soles of feet
- Vesicles on soft palate breakdown to ulcers that last for a week
- Rarely appear on gingiva, buckle mucosa, or tongue - this differentiates it from herpes
- Caused by Coxsackie virus
What are three systemic diseases with oral lesions?
- Secondary syphilis
- Chicken pox
- Mononucleosis
Describe secondary syphilis
- Occurs when primary syphilis goes untreated
- Secondary phase occurs 2 to 10 weeks after initial lesion
- Mucus patches in the mouth
- Contain live spirochetes and spread by direct contact
- Treatment with Penicillin
Describe chicken pox
- Human herpes virus type 3 (varicella zoster virus) causes chickenpox
- Primary disease in young children
- Reoccurrent disease is shingles - commonly occurs in those 50 years or older
- Although chicken pox commonly produces skin lesions, the disease is classified as a respiratory disease
- Can have oral lesions
- The virus is spread through a saliva and nasal secretions in addition to contact with skin lesions
Describe infectious mononucleosis
- Caused by human herpes virus type 4 (Epstein-Barr virus)
- Hhv4 usually causes mild symptoms, if any, in young children, but causes infectious mononucleosis and adolescents and young adults
- Spreads direct contact person to person
- Symptoms are fever, malaise, anorexia, fatigue, sore throat, oral ulcers, enlarged cervical lymph nodes, palatal petechiae, erythema of oral mucosa, swelling of uvula
- Causes hair leukoplakia
What three diseases streptococcus pyogenes cause?
- Streptococcal pharyngitis also known as strep throat
- Scarlet fever, which is strep throat with a skin rash
- Necrotizing fasciitis spreading damage to muscle tissue (flesh eating disease) - response well to penicillin therapy
Describe the tuberculosis disease process
- If enough M tuberculosis reach the lung alveoli and begin to multiply, one is infected
- Only evidence of infection through tuberculin skin test
- Begins with pneumonia like symptoms leading to formation of tubercles (consolidation of tissue around lung infected site); may enlarge, become necrotic and produce open spaces in the lung tissue
Describe the tuberculin skin test
- Called the Mantoux test or purified protein derivative (PPD) test
- Injection of PPD under skin in forearm
- Observed for 48 to 72 hours for reaction
- Positive reaction causes induration (hardening) of injection site and diameter is measured
Describe streptococcus pneumoniae
- Estimate normally exists in the nose and throat and is carried asymptomatically in preschoolers and adults
- Leading cause of middle ear infections in children
- Can cause bacterial meningitis
Describe human herpes virus type 5
- Cytomegalovirus
- Causes congenital disease called cytomegalic inclusion disease
- Causes mental impairment, neurologic problems, deafness, possible damage to internal organs
Describe human herpes virus type 6, 7, and 8
- Type 6: isolated from saliva; causes high fever and skin rashes and infants
- Type 7: isolated from saliva; not associated with any particular disease state
- Type 8: associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients
Describe influenza
- Type A and type B typically infect humans
- Transmitted through droplet exposure of mucosal surfaces (coughing/sneezing), direct contact, contact contact with fomite, self-inoculation
The water inside dental units and hoses for water spray and pieces and the air/water syringes are ________
Contaminated heavily with bacteria
Describe waterborne disease and name the two most common types
- Transmitted through contaminated water
- Water inside dental units and hoses for air water syringes are contaminated heavily with bacteria
- Bacteria will form a biofilm on the inside of water lines - typically 30 to 40 types of bacteria present
- Two most prevalent are Legionella pneumophilia and pseudomonas aeruginosa
How can you combat waterborne diseases in the dental office?
- Flushing water lines between patients
- Flushing water lines at the start and end of day
- Do not use dental unit water line to irrigate surgical sites in which bone is exposed
- Never ask the client to close their mouth on the suction
Describe legionaries disease
- Caused by L. Pneumophilia
- Graham negative Rod bacteria
- Pneumonia like disease
- Treated with erythromycin
- Spread of disease from person to person has not been documented
Describe a pseudomonas infection
An opportunistic pathogen that occurs widely in nature but low in numbers in water used in a dental unit
Describe methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- A bacterium that is resistant to certain antibiotics called beta lactams (skin infections)
- More severe or potentially life-threatening MRSA infections occur most frequently among patients in healthcare settings
- Fortunately, not prevalent in dentistry yet
