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BIO 140 - Microbiology > LO 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

LO 1 Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define microbiology

A

The study of living things too small to be seen without a microscope

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2
Q

Micro organisms are called _____ or _____

A

Microorganisms; microbes

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3
Q

What is the biggest misconception about microbes?

A

That they are all harmful, more are helpful than harmful

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4
Q

What are the 8 branches of microbiology?

A
  1. Bacteriology - study bateria
  2. Virology - study viruses
  3. Immunology - study mechanisms of the body that protect against pathogenic microorganisms and foreign cells/substances
  4. Mycology - the study of pathogenic fungi
  5. Protozoology- study of pathogenic unicellular animal organisms
  6. GMOs/GEMs for industrial, pharmaceutical and agriculture
  7. Improvements of agriculture
  8. Gene therapy
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5
Q

What are some benefits of microorganisms?

A
  1. Maintenance of balance of environment (microbial ecology)
  2. Basis of food chain
  3. Digestion, synthesis of vitamins (microbiome)
  4. Manufacture of food and drink
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6
Q

Microorganisms do not intend to harm or destroy thing, they only want ______

A

To survive and grow

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7
Q

This person was the first to use a microscope for academic study, proposed that all living things are composed of cells (cell theory), and believed some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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8
Q

Describe Redi’s experiments (1668)

A
  1. Kept multiple flasks of decaying meat
  2. When flasks were isolated from flies, maggots never developed
  3. When meat was exposed to flies, maggots quickly developed
  4. Disproved Hooke’s spontaneous generation theory
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9
Q

This person first observed “animacules” (bacteria, yeast, protozoa) when looking at tooth scrapings and gutter water under a microscope

A

Antoni van leewenhoek

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10
Q

This person was the first to recognize the existence of tiny living particles that cause “catching” disease by direct or indirect contact

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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11
Q

Describe Louis Pasteur’s flask experiments

A
  1. When the “swan-necked flasks” remained upright, no microbial growth appeared
  2. When the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck seeped back and made the infusion cloudy with microbes
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12
Q

This person was a proponent of germ theory of disease, heating liquid to kill disease, helped develop rabies vaccine, and proposed antiseptic techniques to prevent contamination

A

Louis Pasteur

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13
Q

These two stressed the importance of hand-washing

A

Ignaz Semmelweis and Oliver Holmes

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14
Q

This person became concerned about post-operative infections and created the first aseptic technique for suegery

A

Joseph Lister UK (1867)

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15
Q

This person used simple staining techniques, postulated germ theory, used steam to sterilize media, used petri dishes, and determine bacteria to be distinct species (saw multiple bacteria in petri dishes)

A

Koch (1876)

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16
Q

What are Koch’s 4 steps to prove a microbe is the cause of a disease?

A
  1. The causitive agent must be found into every case if the disease
  2. The disease organism must be isolated from the lesions of the infected case and maintained in a pure culture
  3. The pure culture, inoculated into a susceptable experimental animal should produce the symptoms of the disease
  4. The same bacterium should be re-isolated in a pure culture from the intentionally infected animal
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17
Q

Who is considered the “father of oral microbiology” and posited the chemo -parasitic theory of caries (that they are caused by acids produced by oral bacteria following fermentation of sugars)

A

Willoughby D. Miller

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18
Q

Who created the first successful vaccine (smallpox)

A

Edward Jenner

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19
Q

By ______ bacteria had been recognized as the cause of numerous diseases, which lead to the establishment of _________

A

1900; infection control procedures

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20
Q

______ are the smallest microorganisms

A

Viruses

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21
Q

Nano bacteria are _____ times smaller than common bacteria

A

100

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22
Q

Most significant events in the early history of microbiology came down to these 3 things

A
  1. The development of microscopes
  2. Bacterial staining procedures
  3. Techniques for microbial lab cultures
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23
Q

We use microscopes to see individual microorganisms, but it is possible to see _____ with the naked eye

A

Colonies (yeasts/molds and matted strands of algae)

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24
Q

What is the zone of inhibition?

A

a clear circular area around antimicrobial discs in which bacteria are unable to grow

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25
Q

______ does not destroy all life forms, but does free surfaces of infectious material

A

Disinfection

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26
Q

_________ is defined as the destruction of all life forms – this includes using and autoclave

A

Sterilization

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27
Q

The bubonic plague is caused by _______ bacteria and caused _____ deaths between 1346-50

A

Yersenia pestis; 50 million

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28
Q

What is smallpox and what does it cause?

A

It is a deadly disease that can cause disfigurement and blindness

Caused by two airborne virus variants, variola major and variola minor

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29
Q

What causes seasonal influenza?

A

RNA viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae

30
Q

________ is a disease that exists permanently in a particular region or population (e.g. malaria in Africa)

A

Endemic

31
Q

A(n) _________ is an outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the the same time or spreads through many communities

A

Epidemic

32
Q

A(n) _________ is an outbreak of disease that spreads globally

A

Pandemic

33
Q

______ is an infectious inflammatory illness of the liver and is 50-100 times more infectious than HIV

A

Hepatitis B

34
Q

This disease has high risk of death due to low blood pressure from fluid loss and typically 6 to 16 days after symptoms appear

A

Ebolaviruses

35
Q

What are the 3 aspects of cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells can only come from other cells
  3. All functions of a living thing are carried out in cells
36
Q

What are the 2 main cell types and distinguishing features?

A
  1. Prokaryotic - lack membrane-bound organelles and nucleus, found in bacteria and Archaea, have strong cell walls which allows resistance to environmental changes
  2. Eukaryotic - membrane-bound organelles/nucleus, found in protists, plants, fungi, and animals
37
Q

What is the Greek origin of prokaryotic?

A

“before nuclei”

38
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

39
Q

Some prokaryotes move using _______

A

Flagella - allow bacteria to move toward more favourable environments

40
Q

______ are hair-like structures that allow bacteria to stick to surfaces

A

Pili (fimbriae)

41
Q

_______ easily attaches from the cell wall and enables gliding/sliding along solid surfaces

A

The slime layer

42
Q

_________ is firmly attached to the cell wall and has an antiphagocytic function (protects bacteria from being engulfed by phagocytes)

A

Capsule

43
Q

_______ are a means of survival when bacteria and nutrient supplies are low.

A

Endospores

44
Q

Describe the features of bacterial spores (endospores)

A
  1. Help bacteria survive in extreme environments
  2. Resistent to heat, cold, drying, and most chemicals
  3. Survive many years and are resistant to disinfectants and boiling
  4. Can lay dormant for years until exposed to proper nutrients and other growth requirements (germinates into actively dividing cell)
  5. VERY DIFFICULT TO KILL
45
Q

What is the Greek origin of Eukaryote?

A

True nucleus

46
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Transports substances in and out of the cell

(Some cells also conduct phagocytosis (engulf solids) or pinocytosis (engulf liquids)

47
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Gives shape and strength to the cell to protect against osmotic imbalances (only in plants)

48
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis

49
Q

What is the function of cilium?

A

Movement of substances

50
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein synthesis (folds protein) and transportation of material around the cell

51
Q

What is the function of flagellum?

A

Propulsion/motility

52
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Transfer of proteins to the exterior cell

53
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Synthesis of ATP

54
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Site of formation of ribosomal components

55
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

56
Q

What is the function of vacuoles?

A
  1. Location of water
  2. storage site of amino acids, carbs, and proteins
  3. Dumping ground for cellular wastes
57
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.

58
Q

What are the 4 main types of protista and their characteristics?

A
  1. Algae - contain chlorophyll, photosynthetic aquatic organisms, part of the plankton population
  2. Protozoa - unicellular, non-photosynthetic, motile, require organic food,any form cysts and can serve as a site for spreading pathogens
  3. Fungi - non-photosynthetic, grow in dark/moist environments, few speculate pathogenic to humans
  4. Slime molds - parasitic and injure plants such as cauliflower, radish, and turnip
59
Q

What are the 4 steps of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
60
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A
  1. Prophase 1
  2. Metaphase 1
  3. Anaphase 1
  4. Telophase 1
  5. Prophase 2
  6. Metaphase 2
  7. Anaphase 2
  8. Telophase 2
61
Q

What are 3 internal mechanisms of movement for microorganisms?

A
  1. The centriole
  2. The cytoskeleton
  3. Actin and tubulin proteins
62
Q

What are 2 external mechanisms of movement for microorganisms?

A
  1. Flagella
  2. Cilia
63
Q

Plants and animals require oxygen to breath, which means they are strict _________

A

Aerobes

64
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

A chemical reaction whereby organic compounds such as glucose are converted into energy for the cell using oxygen from the environment

65
Q

Describe anaerobic respiration

A
  1. A process whereby respiration takes place without oxygen
  2. Occurs in groups of bacteria living in anaerobic environments (e.g. soil or stagnant water)
  3. Oxygen can be toxic to some anaerobic microorganisms or can inhibit growth
66
Q

__________ is a metabolic process converting sugar to acids, gases, and/or alcohol using yeast or bacteria

A

Fermentation

67
Q

Yeasts and many bacteria can use either _______ or ________ depending on the availability of oxygen

A

Fermentation; aerobic respiration

(Fermentation is less productive than aerobic respiration as an energy source for cells)

68
Q

______ will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen - require fermentation

A

Obligate anaerobes

69
Q

________ may or may not use oxygen when it is present depending on the levels of oxygen or fermentable material in the environment

A

Facultative anaerobes

70
Q

________ may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations

A

Microaerophiles

71
Q

Are viruses considered eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

(They have a membrane-bound nucleus)

BIO 140 - Microbiology (10 decks)

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